{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4315436249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-022-05130-x","title":"Negation detection in Dutch clinical texts: an evaluation of rule-based and machine learning methods","display_name":"Negation detection in Dutch clinical texts: an evaluation of rule-based and machine learning methods","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4315436249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-022-05130-x","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36624385"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12859-022-05130-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-022-05130-x","pdf_url":"https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12859-022-05130-x","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12859-022-05130-x","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113051775","display_name":"Bram van Es","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","display_name":"Utrecht University","ror":"https://ror.org/04pp8hn57","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018483916","display_name":"University Medical Center Utrecht","ror":"https://ror.org/0575yy874","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018483916"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154893","display_name":"Altrecht GGZ","ror":"https://ror.org/050jqep38","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154893"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bram van Es","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central Diagnostic Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. b.vanes-3@umcutrecht.nl","MedxAI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. b.vanes-3@umcutrecht.nl","Central Diagnostic Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central Diagnostic Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. b.vanes-3@umcutrecht.nl","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018483916","https://openalex.org/I193662353"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MedxAI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. b.vanes-3@umcutrecht.nl","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154893"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central Diagnostic Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018483916","https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079384186","display_name":"Leon C. Reteig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5814-0992"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018483916","display_name":"University Medical Center Utrecht","ror":"https://ror.org/0575yy874","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018483916"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leon C. Reteig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018483916"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000804969","display_name":"Sander Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6904-9003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018483916","display_name":"University Medical Center Utrecht","ror":"https://ror.org/0575yy874","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018483916"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sander C. Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department for Research & Data Technology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for Research & Data Technology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018483916"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030494548","display_name":"Marijn Schraagen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","display_name":"Utrecht University","ror":"https://ror.org/04pp8hn57","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marijn Schraagen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Information and Computing Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Information and Computing Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085848832","display_name":"Myrthe M. Hemker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","display_name":"Utrecht University","ror":"https://ror.org/04pp8hn57","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Myrthe M. Hemker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Utrecht Institute of Linguistics OTS & Department of Languages, Literature and Communication, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Utrecht Institute of Linguistics OTS & Department of Languages, Literature and Communication, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077699317","display_name":"Sebastiaan R.S. Arends","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastiaan R. S. Arends","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Informatics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Informatics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012233833","display_name":"Miguel A. R. Rios","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129774422","display_name":"University of Vienna","ror":"https://ror.org/03prydq77","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129774422"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miguel A. R. Rios","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Translation Studies, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Translation Studies, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129774422"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011080885","display_name":"Saskia Haitjema","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5465-4868"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","display_name":"Utrecht University","ror":"https://ror.org/04pp8hn57","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018483916","display_name":"University Medical Center Utrecht","ror":"https://ror.org/0575yy874","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018483916"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saskia Haitjema","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central Diagnostic Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central Diagnostic Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018483916","https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1690,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2072},"apc_paid":{"value":1690,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2072},"fwci":2.7104,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90056802,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"1","first_page":"10","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7766261100769043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7235105633735657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/negation","display_name":"Negation","score":0.6991783976554871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6699034571647644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6023051142692566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-and-recall","display_name":"Precision and recall","score":0.5375006198883057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.48040226101875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recall","display_name":"Recall","score":0.4534700810909271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3572385609149933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3284831643104553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.0979594886302948}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7766261100769043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7235105633735657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2185349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190558","display_name":"Negation","level":2,"score":0.6991783976554871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6699034571647644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6023051142692566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.5375006198883057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.48040226101875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.4534700810909271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3572385609149933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3284831643104553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0979594886302948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016247","descriptor_name":"Information Storage and Retrieval","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016247","descriptor_name":"Information Storage and Retrieval","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016247","descriptor_name":"Information Storage and Retrieval","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12859-022-05130-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-022-05130-x","pdf_url":"https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12859-022-05130-x","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36624385","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36624385","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC bioinformatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9830789","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9830789","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9830789/pdf/12859_2022_Article_5130.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d6e5172a1b124338a4f46fa0b6eb2098","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d6e5172a1b124338a4f46fa0b6eb2098","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics, Vol 24, Iss 1, Pp 1-20 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12859-022-05130-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-022-05130-x","pdf_url":"https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12859-022-05130-x","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6200000047683716}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4315436249.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W40385435","https://openalex.org/W163116350","https://openalex.org/W328262386","https://openalex.org/W1570518225","https://openalex.org/W1850865022","https://openalex.org/W1950048153","https://openalex.org/W1964625659","https://openalex.org/W1966976587","https://openalex.org/W1974575979","https://openalex.org/W1982464493","https://openalex.org/W2016266742","https://openalex.org/W2038889169","https://openalex.org/W2064362294","https://openalex.org/W2079735306","https://openalex.org/W2115915625","https://openalex.org/W2123564229","https://openalex.org/W2139865360","https://openalex.org/W2142786899","https://openalex.org/W2149803936","https://openalex.org/W2159583324","https://openalex.org/W2165346429","https://openalex.org/W2510356291","https://openalex.org/W2515289471","https://openalex.org/W2601978497","https://openalex.org/W2604952253","https://openalex.org/W2781551130","https://openalex.org/W2786427215","https://openalex.org/W2885066297","https://openalex.org/W2949308662","https://openalex.org/W2963373823","https://openalex.org/W2970748008","https://openalex.org/W2981852735","https://openalex.org/W3005650752","https://openalex.org/W3037016244","https://openalex.org/W3122371403","https://openalex.org/W3158665049","https://openalex.org/W3169284847","https://openalex.org/W4294214983"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2059922809","https://openalex.org/W2387527986","https://openalex.org/W2479250593","https://openalex.org/W4283261428","https://openalex.org/W2131148043","https://openalex.org/W2092783274","https://openalex.org/W4391025849","https://openalex.org/W2358294942","https://openalex.org/W4367460280","https://openalex.org/W4328049145"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"When":[0],"developing":[1],"models":[2,109,149,165],"for":[3,15,68,131],"clinical":[4,45,73,174],"information":[5],"retrieval":[6],"and":[7,97,107,121,163],"decision":[8],"support":[9],"systems,":[10],"the":[11,39,51,77,105,112,128,147,161,187],"discrete":[12],"outcomes":[13],"required":[14],"training":[16],"are":[17,168],"often":[18],"missing.":[19],"These":[20],"labels":[21,63],"need":[22],"to":[23,57,84,138],"be":[24,136,183],"extracted":[25],"from":[26],"free":[27],"text":[28,46],"in":[29,44,71,115,143,154,166,172],"electronic":[30],"health":[31],"records.":[32],"For":[33],"this":[34],"extraction":[35,61],"process":[36],"one":[37],"of":[38,53,62,117,156],"most":[40],"important":[41],"contextual":[42],"properties":[43],"is":[47],"negation,":[48],"which":[49,134],"indicates":[50],"absence":[52],"findings.":[54],"We":[55,75,101,158],"aimed":[56],"improve":[58,140],"large":[59],"scale":[60],"by":[64],"comparing":[65],"three":[66,148,180],"methods":[67],"negation":[69],"detection":[70],"Dutch":[72,81],"notes.":[74],"used":[76,137],"Erasmus":[78],"Medical":[79],"Center":[80],"Clinical":[82],"Corpus":[83],"compare":[85],"a":[86,92],"rule-based":[87,113],"method":[88],"based":[89],"on":[90,186],"ContextD,":[91],"biLSTM":[93,106,162],"model":[94,114,141],"using":[95],"MedCAT":[96],"(finetuned)":[98],"RoBERTa-based":[99,164],"models.":[100],"found":[102],"that":[103,160,177],"both":[104],"RoBERTa":[108],"consistently":[110],"outperform":[111],"terms":[116,155],"F1":[118],"score,":[119],"precision":[120],"recall.":[122],"In":[123],"addition,":[124],"we":[125],"systematically":[126],"categorized":[127],"classification":[129],"errors":[130],"each":[132],"model,":[133],"can":[135,182],"further":[139],"performance":[142],"particular":[144,167],"applications.":[145],"Combining":[146],"naively":[150],"was":[151],"not":[152],"beneficial":[153],"performance.":[157],"conclude":[159],"highly":[169],"accurate":[170,171],"detecting":[173],"negations,":[175],"but":[176],"ultimately":[178],"all":[179],"approaches":[181],"viable":[184],"depending":[185],"use":[188],"case":[189],"at":[190],"hand.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
