{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226137391","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-022-04596-z","title":"A hierarchical opportunistic screening model for osteoporosis using machine learning applied to clinical data and CT images","display_name":"A hierarchical opportunistic screening model for osteoporosis using machine learning applied to clinical data and CT images","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226137391","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-022-04596-z","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35144529"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12859-022-04596-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-022-04596-z","pdf_url":"https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12859-022-04596-z","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12859-022-04596-z","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034779670","display_name":"Li-Yu  Daisy Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6997-8101","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6997-8101"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liyu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 17923 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China","School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 17923 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109248657","display_name":"Meng Si","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5051-5825","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5051-5825"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161528","display_name":"Qilu Hospital of Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/056ef9489","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161528"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng Si","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China","Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161528"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051361816","display_name":"Hecheng Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6897-5080","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6897-5080"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161528","display_name":"Qilu Hospital of Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/056ef9489","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161528"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hecheng Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China","Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161528"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042833434","display_name":"Menglin Cong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7852-4889","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7852-4889"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161528","display_name":"Qilu Hospital of Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/056ef9489","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161528"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Menglin Cong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China","Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161528"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006021279","display_name":"Quanzheng Xu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quanzheng Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 17923 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China","School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 17923 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qinghua Sun","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinghua Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 17923 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China","School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 17923 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114626552","display_name":"Weiming Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1016-0051","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1016-0051"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiming Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 17923 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China","School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 17923 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100390423","display_name":"Cong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5485-1650","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5485-1650"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 17923 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China","School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 17923 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043610242","display_name":"Michael J. Fagan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4127-2809","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4127-2809"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191240316","display_name":"University of Hull","ror":"https://ror.org/04nkhwh30","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191240316"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael J. Fagan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK","School of Engineering, University of Hull, Hull, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191240316"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Hull, Hull, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191240316"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051513901","display_name":"Luis A. J. Mur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0961-9817","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0961-9817"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16038530","display_name":"Aberystwyth University","ror":"https://ror.org/015m2p889","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16038530"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146599","display_name":"Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/051wgfj58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16038530","https://openalex.org/I2799693246","https://openalex.org/I4210087105","https://openalex.org/I4210146599"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis A. J. Mur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales, UK","Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16038530","https://openalex.org/I4210146599"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16038530","https://openalex.org/I4210146599"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102011718","display_name":"Qing Ping Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7725-8101","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7725-8101"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116517","display_name":"Shandong Provincial Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02ar2nf05","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116517"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163399","display_name":"Shandong First Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jb9pq57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163399"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qing Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Breast and Thyroid, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China","Department of Breast and Thyroid, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Breast and Thyroid, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116517","https://openalex.org/I4210163399"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Breast and Thyroid, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116517","https://openalex.org/I4210163399"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076583315","display_name":"Bing Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1326-4120","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1326-4120"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bing Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 17923 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China. b.ji@sdu.edu.cn","School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 17923 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China. b.ji@sdu.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076583315"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":9.5607,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98938215,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"1","first_page":"63","last_page":"63"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10071","display_name":"Bone health and osteoporosis research","score":0.9150000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10071","display_name":"Bone health and osteoporosis research","score":0.9150000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.028699999675154686,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.026599999517202377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/osteoporosis","display_name":"osteoporosis","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opportunistic-screening","display_name":"opportunistic screening","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lumbar-vertebral-body","display_name":"lumbar vertebral body","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-laboratory-data","display_name":"clinical laboratory data","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/texture-features","display_name":"texture features","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bone-mineral-density-estimation","display_name":"bone mineral density estimation","score":0.7699999809265137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776541429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165328","display_name":"Osteoporosis","level":2,"score":0.7383580207824707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7034076452255249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6167374849319458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5769933462142944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.5709105730056763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.5487219095230103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.4956616163253784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.49198123812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47577252984046936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.44271790981292725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4099470376968384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.14132538437843323}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010024","descriptor_name":"Osteoporosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010024","descriptor_name":"Osteoporosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010024","descriptor_name":"Osteoporosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015502","descriptor_name":"Absorptiometry, Photon","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015502","descriptor_name":"Absorptiometry, Photon","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015502","descriptor_name":"Absorptiometry, Photon","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015519","descriptor_name":"Bone Density","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015519","descriptor_name":"Bone Density","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015519","descriptor_name":"Bone Density","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12859-022-04596-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-022-04596-z","pdf_url":"https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12859-022-04596-z","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35144529","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35144529","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC bioinformatics","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8829991","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8829991","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c86c571891de4df68662e54d32e65823","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c86c571891de4df68662e54d32e65823","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics, Vol 23, Iss 1, Pp 1-15 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hull-repository.worktribe.com:3960248","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/output/3960248","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400827","display_name":"Repository@Hull (Worktribe) (University of Hull)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I191240316","host_organization_name":"University of Hull","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191240316"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12859-022-04596-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-022-04596-z","pdf_url":"https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12859-022-04596-z","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5478616748","display_name":"\u6076\u6027\u80bf\u7624\u8f6c\u79fb\u6027\u9aa8\u75c5\u53d1\u75c5\u673a\u7406\u751f\u7269\u6570\u5b66\u5efa\u6a21\u53ca\u7597\u6cd5\u9884\u6d4b\u8bc4\u4ef7\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61673246","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5982475999","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"81301294","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8760366301","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62173212","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226137391.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226137391.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1825879321","https://openalex.org/W1978208510","https://openalex.org/W1979848481","https://openalex.org/W2009740511","https://openalex.org/W2021456465","https://openalex.org/W2030886008","https://openalex.org/W2044465660","https://openalex.org/W2072324809","https://openalex.org/W2106629079","https://openalex.org/W2110396808","https://openalex.org/W2121508843","https://openalex.org/W2123570456","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2137684270","https://openalex.org/W2139796029","https://openalex.org/W2144207701","https://openalex.org/W2338593764","https://openalex.org/W2409639977","https://openalex.org/W2412110366","https://openalex.org/W2429632541","https://openalex.org/W2750876965","https://openalex.org/W2757487547","https://openalex.org/W2760915299","https://openalex.org/W2783500167","https://openalex.org/W2792790345","https://openalex.org/W2804676391","https://openalex.org/W2810327208","https://openalex.org/W2893202038","https://openalex.org/W2902250535","https://openalex.org/W2903262540","https://openalex.org/W2920391337","https://openalex.org/W2921015498","https://openalex.org/W2938352109","https://openalex.org/W2943276308","https://openalex.org/W2944294098","https://openalex.org/W2951335495","https://openalex.org/W2964817508","https://openalex.org/W4241161639","https://openalex.org/W4296974701"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385649027","https://openalex.org/W4363647452","https://openalex.org/W4387327236","https://openalex.org/W2183488467","https://openalex.org/W4309907966","https://openalex.org/W4387896287","https://openalex.org/W2187490799","https://openalex.org/W1990237101","https://openalex.org/W4300172249","https://openalex.org/W3170838353"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Osteoporosis":[1],"is":[2,32,57,282],"a":[3,41,54,75],"common":[4],"metabolic":[5],"skeletal":[6],"disease":[7],"and":[8,90,95,123,130,145,158,184,218,252,263,296],"usually":[9],"lacks":[10],"obvious":[11],"symptoms.":[12],"Many":[13],"individuals":[14,64,110,260],"are":[15,126],"not":[16],"diagnosed":[17],"until":[18],"osteoporotic":[19],"fractures":[20],"occur.":[21],"Bone":[22],"mineral":[23],"density":[24],"(BMD)":[25],"measured":[26],"by":[27],"dual-energy":[28],"X-ray":[29],"absorptiometry":[30],"(DXA)":[31],"the":[33,50,188,198,201,206,211,231,244],"gold":[34],"standard":[35],"for":[36,254,276],"osteoporosis":[37,47,83,157,262,277,291,305],"detection.":[38],"However,":[39],"only":[40],"limited":[42],"percentage":[43],"of":[44,200,208,249,301],"people":[45],"with":[46,78,172,221,240,261],"risks":[48],"undergo":[49],"DXA":[51,104],"test.":[52],"As":[53],"result,":[55],"it":[56],"vital":[58],"to":[59,62,81,196,204,289],"develop":[60],"methods":[61,68],"identify":[63],"at-risk":[65],"based":[66,234],"on":[67,235],"other":[69],"than":[70,103],"DXA.":[71],"RESULTS:":[72],"We":[73],"proposed":[74,268],"hierarchical":[76,232],"model":[77,233,269,286],"three":[79,255],"layers":[80],"detect":[82,290],"using":[84],"clinical":[85,121,143],"data":[86,105,122,144,209],"(including":[87],"demographic":[88],"characteristics":[89],"routine":[91],"laboratory":[92],"tests":[93],"data)":[94],"CT":[96,124],"images":[97,125],"covering":[98],"lumbar":[99],"vertebral":[100],"bodies":[101],"rather":[102],"via":[106,135],"machine":[107,162,171],"learning.":[108],"2210":[109],"over":[111],"age":[112],"40":[113],"were":[114,133,192],"collected":[115],"retrospectively,":[116],"among":[117],"which":[118],"246":[119],"individuals'":[120],"both":[127],"available.":[128],"Irrelevant":[129],"redundant":[131],"features":[132,148],"removed":[134],"statistical":[136],"analysis.":[137],"Consequently,":[138],"28":[139],"features,":[140],"including":[141,165],"16":[142],"12":[146],"texture":[147],"demonstrated":[149,229],"statistically":[150],"significant":[151],"differences":[152],"(p":[153],"<":[154],"0.05)":[155],"between":[156],"normal":[159,264],"groups.":[160],"Six":[161],"learning":[163],"algorithms":[164],"logistic":[166],"regression":[167],"(LR),":[168],"support":[169],"vector":[170],"radial-basis":[173],"function":[174],"kernel,":[175],"artificial":[176],"neural":[177],"network,":[178],"random":[179],"forests,":[180],"eXtreme":[181],"Gradient":[182],"Boosting":[183],"Stacking":[185],"that":[186,230,284],"combined":[187],"above":[189],"five":[190,225],"classifiers":[191,195],"employed":[193],"as":[194,292,294,304],"assess":[197],"performances":[199,239],"model.":[202],"Furthermore,":[203],"diminish":[205],"influence":[207],"partitioning,":[210],"dataset":[212],"was":[213],"randomly":[214],"split":[215],"into":[216],"training":[217],"test":[219],"set":[220],"stratified":[222],"sampling":[223],"repeated":[224],"times.":[226],"The":[227,267],"results":[228],"LR":[236],"showed":[237,270],"better":[238],"an":[241],"area":[242],"under":[243],"receiver":[245],"operating":[246],"characteristic":[247],"curve":[248],"0.818,":[250],"0.838,":[251],"0.962":[253],"layers,":[256],"respectively":[257],"in":[258,273],"distinguishing":[259],"BMD.":[265],"CONCLUSIONS:":[266],"great":[271],"potential":[272],"opportunistic":[274],"screening":[275],"without":[278],"additional":[279],"expense.":[280],"It":[281],"hoped":[283],"this":[285],"could":[287],"serve":[288],"early":[293],"possible":[295],"thereby":[297],"prevent":[298],"serious":[299],"complications":[300],"osteoporosis,":[302],"such":[303],"fractures.":[306]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-03T13:16:28.481748","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
