{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3211871115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-021-04032-8","title":"Robust optimization of convolutional neural networks with a uniform experiment design method: a case of phonocardiogram testing in patients with heart diseases","display_name":"Robust optimization of convolutional neural networks with a uniform experiment design method: a case of phonocardiogram testing in patients with heart diseases","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3211871115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-021-04032-8","mag":"3211871115","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34749632"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12859-021-04032-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-021-04032-8","pdf_url":"https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12859-021-04032-8","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12859-021-04032-8","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069961953","display_name":"Wen\u2010Hsien Ho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6194-0563"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152743029","display_name":"Kaohsiung Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03gk81f96","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152743029"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121532","display_name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare","ror":"https://ror.org/024w0ge69","country_code":"TW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121532","https://openalex.org/I4405257903"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen-Hsien Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Healthcare Administration and Medical Informatics, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan","Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No.100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Healthcare Administration and Medical Informatics, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152743029","https://openalex.org/I4210121532"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No.100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152743029"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041363172","display_name":"Tian-Hsiang Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6114-0144"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152743029","display_name":"Kaohsiung Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03gk81f96","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152743029"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tian-Hsiang Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Big Data Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Big Data Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152743029"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042632224","display_name":"Po-Yuan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7395-1662"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4880106","display_name":"Feng Chia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vhczg54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Po-Yuan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, Feng Chia University, No. 100, Wenhwa Road, Taichung, 407, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, Feng Chia University, No. 100, Wenhwa Road, Taichung, 407, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054686089","display_name":"Jyh\u2010Horng Chou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8096-0586"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152743029","display_name":"Kaohsiung Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03gk81f96","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152743029"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162838928","display_name":"National Chung Hsing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vn3ca78","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162838928"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121532","display_name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare","ror":"https://ror.org/024w0ge69","country_code":"TW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121532","https://openalex.org/I4405257903"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154394","display_name":"National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00hfj7g70","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jyh-Horng Chou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 415, Chien-Kung Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan","Department of Healthcare Administration and Medical Informatics, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan","Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung-Hsing University, No. 145, Xingda Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 415, Chien-Kung Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Healthcare Administration and Medical Informatics, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152743029","https://openalex.org/I4210121532"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung-Hsing University, No. 145, Xingda Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162838928"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085580291","display_name":"Jin-Yi Qu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154394","display_name":"National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00hfj7g70","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin-Yi Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 415, Chien-Kung Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 415, Chien-Kung Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055340968","display_name":"Po\u2010Chih Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6466-8857"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152743029","display_name":"Kaohsiung Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03gk81f96","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152743029"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802587341","display_name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02xmkec90","country_code":"TW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802587341"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Po-Chih Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medicine, Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan","Department of Sports Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan","Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No.100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan","Weight Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No.100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medicine, Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152743029"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sports Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152743029"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No.100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152743029","https://openalex.org/I2802587341"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Weight Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No.100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152743029"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023756898","display_name":"Fu-I Chou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4106-5084"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154394","display_name":"National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00hfj7g70","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89178830","display_name":"National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04wydzr61","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89178830"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fu-I. Chou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 415, Chien-Kung Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan. alvis.cfi@gmail.com","Department of Electrical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 415, Chien-Kung Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4106-5084","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 415, Chien-Kung Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan. alvis.cfi@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394","https://openalex.org/I89178830"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 415, Chien-Kung Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057953757","display_name":"Jinn\u2010Tsong Tsai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1531-5027"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1309796872","display_name":"National Pingtung University","ror":"https://ror.org/03z698x91","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1309796872"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152743029","display_name":"Kaohsiung Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03gk81f96","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152743029"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121532","display_name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare","ror":"https://ror.org/024w0ge69","country_code":"TW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121532","https://openalex.org/I4405257903"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinn-Tsong Tsai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, National Pingtung University, No. 4-18, Min-Sheng Road, Pingtung, 900, Taiwan. jttsai@mail.nptu.edu.tw","Department of Healthcare Administration and Medical Informatics, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan. jttsai@mail.nptu.edu.tw","Department of Healthcare Administration and Medical Informatics, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National Pingtung University, No. 4-18, Min-Sheng Road, Pingtung, 900, Taiwan. jttsai@mail.nptu.edu.tw","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1309796872"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Healthcare Administration and Medical Informatics, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan. jttsai@mail.nptu.edu.tw","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152743029"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Healthcare Administration and Medical Informatics, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152743029","https://openalex.org/I4210121532"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023756898","https://openalex.org/A5057953757"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1309796872","https://openalex.org/I152743029","https://openalex.org/I4210121532","https://openalex.org/I4387154394","https://openalex.org/I89178830"],"apc_list":{"value":1690,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2072},"apc_paid":{"value":1690,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2072},"fwci":1.3125,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81836278,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"S5","first_page":"92","last_page":"92"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10863","display_name":"Voice and Speech Disorders","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phonocardiogram","display_name":"Phonocardiogram","score":0.7665872573852539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter","display_name":"Hyperparameter","score":0.7476356029510498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6576157212257385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6355916261672974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6082173585891724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5376497507095337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5018613338470459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.45014646649360657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.35967952013015747}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159693508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3301075","display_name":"Phonocardiogram","level":2,"score":0.7665872573852539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.7476356029510498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6576157212257385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6355916261672974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6082173585891724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5376497507095337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5018613338470459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.45014646649360657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35967952013015747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006331","descriptor_name":"Heart Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006331","descriptor_name":"Heart Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006331","descriptor_name":"Heart Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12859-021-04032-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-021-04032-8","pdf_url":"https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12859-021-04032-8","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34749632","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34749632","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC bioinformatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c619fe36f26449518864407d71102bcc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c619fe36f26449518864407d71102bcc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics, Vol 22, Iss S5, Pp 1-11 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:7470612","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC8576886","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8576886","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8576886","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12859-021-04032-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-021-04032-8","pdf_url":"https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12859-021-04032-8","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1817878272","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"109-2221-E-037-005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2205640134","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 109","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3213060376","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 109-2221-E-153-005-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3862518167","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 109-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4407506782","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"109-2221-E-153-005-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4654662990","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 109-2221-E-037-005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5309383408","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"005-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7439599644","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 109-2222-E-035-002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8985157498","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 109-2221","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322724","display_name":"Ministry of Education, India","ror":"https://ror.org/048xjjh50"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336031","display_name":"Intelligent Manufacturing Research Center","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3211871115.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3211871115.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1523937437","https://openalex.org/W2040396531","https://openalex.org/W2060642847","https://openalex.org/W2066393257","https://openalex.org/W2103456541","https://openalex.org/W2118040711","https://openalex.org/W2186103434","https://openalex.org/W2301158262","https://openalex.org/W2347499940","https://openalex.org/W2557139718","https://openalex.org/W2593628220","https://openalex.org/W2594557222","https://openalex.org/W2740469355","https://openalex.org/W2759948370","https://openalex.org/W2794104596","https://openalex.org/W2811161392","https://openalex.org/W2905766988","https://openalex.org/W3146934840","https://openalex.org/W4232545478"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2387004671","https://openalex.org/W2066804906","https://openalex.org/W2184139745","https://openalex.org/W2163299290","https://openalex.org/W2463659687","https://openalex.org/W1571173121","https://openalex.org/W4206951940","https://openalex.org/W4293868382","https://openalex.org/W4382602594","https://openalex.org/W4387850423"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Heart":[1],"sound":[2,186],"measurement":[3],"is":[4,337],"crucial":[5],"for":[6,23,44,96,147,198,281,297,340],"analyzing":[7],"and":[8,111,136,167,194,246,268,290,319],"diagnosing":[9],"patients":[10],"with":[11,307],"heart":[12,24,185,286],"diseases.":[13,287],"This":[14,35],"study":[15,36],"employed":[16],"phonocardiogram":[17,48,77,277],"signals":[18,49,78,278],"as":[19,79,228,234,244],"the":[20,29,32,45,63,74,86,97,100,106,137,178,189,195,235,258,282,298,314],"input":[21],"signal":[22],"disease":[25],"analysis":[26],"due":[27],"to":[28,72,119,144,172,182,303,328],"accessibility":[30],"of":[31,47,65,76,88,180,256,266,271,285,300],"respective":[33],"method.":[34],"referenced":[37],"preprocessing":[38],"techniques":[39],"proposed":[40,143,339],"by":[41],"other":[42],"researchers":[43],"conversion":[46],"into":[50],"characteristic":[51],"images":[52],"composed":[53],"using":[54,134],"frequency":[55],"subband.":[56],"Image":[57],"recognition":[58],"was":[59,132,142,192,202,295],"then":[60],"conducted":[61],"through":[62],"use":[64],"convolutional":[66],"neural":[67],"networks":[68],"(CNNs),":[69],"in":[70,99,123,333],"order":[71],"classify":[73],"predicted":[75],"normal":[80],"or":[81],"abnormal.":[82],"However,":[83],"CNN":[84,104,121,149,181,301,306,342],"requires":[85],"tuning":[87],"multiple":[89],"hyperparameters,":[90],"which":[91],"entails":[92],"an":[93,261,320],"optimization":[94,299,331],"problem":[95],"hyperparameters":[98,122,146,302],"model.":[101],"To":[102],"maximize":[103],"robustness,":[105],"uniform":[107,138,292],"experiment":[108,115,139,191,293],"design":[109,116,140,294],"method":[110,141,336],"a":[112,305,335],"science-based":[113,289],"methodical":[114,291],"were":[117,279],"used":[118,280,296],"optimize":[120],"this":[124,254,275,346],"study.":[125],"RESULTS:":[126],"An":[127],"artificial":[128],"intelligence":[129],"prediction":[130,263,284],"model":[131,200,259,316],"constructed":[133,315],"CNN,":[135],"acquire":[145],"optimal":[148,199,308],"robustness.":[150,309],"The":[151,288,310],"results":[152,311],"indicate":[153],"Filters":[154,203],"([Formula:":[155,159,164,169,204,211,219,225,231,241,248],"see":[156,160,165,170,205,212,220,226,232,242,249],"text]),":[157,161,166],"Stride":[158,218],"Activation":[162,239],"functions":[163,240],"Dropout":[168,247],"text])":[171,206,221,243,250],"be":[173],"significant":[174],"factors":[175],"considerably":[176],"influencing":[177],"ability":[179],"distinguish":[183],"among":[184],"states.":[187],"Finally,":[188],"confirmation":[190],"conducted,":[193],"hyperparameter":[196,330],"combination":[197,255],"robustness":[201,318],"=":[207,214,222,251],"32,":[208],"Kernel":[209],"Size":[210],"text]":[213,227,233],"3":[215],"\u00d7":[216],"3,":[217],"(1,1),":[223],"Padding":[224],"same,":[229],"Optimizer":[230],"stochastic":[236],"gradient":[237],"descent,":[238],"relu,":[245],"0.544.":[252],"With":[253],"parameters,":[257],"had":[260],"average":[262],"accuracy":[264,322],"rate":[265],"0.787":[267],"standard":[269],"deviation":[270],"0.":[272],"CONCLUSION:":[273],"In":[274],"study,":[276],"early":[283],"construct":[304],"revealed":[312],"that":[313],"exhibited":[317],"acceptable":[321],"rate.":[323],"Other":[324],"literature":[325],"has":[326],"failed":[327],"address":[329],"problems":[332],"CNN;":[334],"subsequently":[338],"robust":[341],"optimization,":[343],"thereby":[344],"solving":[345],"problem.":[347]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T15:47:20.252518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
