{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3010869159","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-020-3431-z","title":"A deep learning-based framework for lung cancer survival analysis with biomarker interpretation","display_name":"A deep learning-based framework for lung cancer survival analysis with biomarker interpretation","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-03-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3010869159","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-020-3431-z","mag":"3010869159","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32183709"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12859-020-3431-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-020-3431-z","pdf_url":"https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12859-020-3431-z","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12859-020-3431-z","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101581994","display_name":"Lei Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4270-4896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37802460","display_name":"Northwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/00z3td547","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101525335","display_name":"Hansheng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0923-196X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37802460","display_name":"Northwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/00z3td547","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hansheng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100655129","display_name":"Wenli Hui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4932-6979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37802460","display_name":"Northwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/00z3td547","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenli Hui","raw_affiliation_strings":["The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100751920","display_name":"Sitong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3169-0636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37802460","display_name":"Northwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/00z3td547","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sitong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101725246","display_name":"Lin Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1778-2059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37802460","display_name":"Northwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/00z3td547","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118983875","display_name":"Yuxin Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2065-465X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37802460","display_name":"Northwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/00z3td547","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxin Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110951215","display_name":"Qirong Bo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37802460","display_name":"Northwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/00z3td547","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qirong Bo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071285943","display_name":"Jun Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0706-2103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37802460","display_name":"Northwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/00z3td547","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jun Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China. fengjun@nwu.edu.cn","Department of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0706-2103","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China. fengjun@nwu.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071285943"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"],"apc_list":{"value":2790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2790},"apc_paid":{"value":2790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2790},"fwci":3.8879,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94534256,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"1","first_page":"112","last_page":"112"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.7318999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.7318999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12254","display_name":"Machine Learning in Bioinformatics","score":0.05260000005364418,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.044599998742341995,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5875276327133179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5664359331130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.533986508846283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/survival-analysis","display_name":"Survival analysis","score":0.530860960483551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tumour-heterogeneity","display_name":"Tumour heterogeneity","score":0.503095805644989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.5011966228485107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.4890516698360443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4607987701892853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proportional-hazards-model","display_name":"Proportional hazards model","score":0.42227593064308167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.32844236493110657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.27291160821914673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer","display_name":"Cancer","score":0.254965603351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.10030671954154968}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5875276327133179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5664359331130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.533986508846283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10515644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543310","display_name":"Survival analysis","level":2,"score":0.530860960483551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777306565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15917291","display_name":"Tumour heterogeneity","level":3,"score":0.503095805644989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.5011966228485107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.4890516698360443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4607987701892853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50382708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223218","display_name":"Proportional hazards model","level":2,"score":0.42227593064308167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.32844236493110657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.27291160821914673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.254965603351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.10030671954154968}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016016","descriptor_name":"Proportional Hazards Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016016","descriptor_name":"Proportional Hazards Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016016","descriptor_name":"Proportional Hazards Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016016","descriptor_name":"Proportional Hazards Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016019","descriptor_name":"Survival Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016019","descriptor_name":"Survival Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016019","descriptor_name":"Survival Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016019","descriptor_name":"Survival Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053208","descriptor_name":"Kaplan-Meier Estimate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053208","descriptor_name":"Kaplan-Meier Estimate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053208","descriptor_name":"Kaplan-Meier Estimate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053208","descriptor_name":"Kaplan-Meier Estimate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12859-020-3431-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-020-3431-z","pdf_url":"https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12859-020-3431-z","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32183709","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32183709","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC bioinformatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:973d4650e7454a89b67f898a4d35c713","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/973d4650e7454a89b67f898a4d35c713","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics, Vol 21, Iss 1, Pp 1-14 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7079513","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7079513","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12859-020-3431-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-020-3431-z","pdf_url":"https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12859-020-3431-z","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1028960420","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFB1002504","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2881087905","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"81727802","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3465618859","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No.81727802","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5726337828","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 81727802","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7947582795","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61701404","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3010869159.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3010869159.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22040386","https://openalex.org/W204268067","https://openalex.org/W1524680991","https://openalex.org/W1580788756","https://openalex.org/W1582640985","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1979300931","https://openalex.org/W2015861736","https://openalex.org/W2022508996","https://openalex.org/W2026448092","https://openalex.org/W2027922120","https://openalex.org/W2031330193","https://openalex.org/W2034980306","https://openalex.org/W2044702943","https://openalex.org/W2064512348","https://openalex.org/W2067191022","https://openalex.org/W2068730032","https://openalex.org/W2084139018","https://openalex.org/W2097018403","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2104448846","https://openalex.org/W2107554012","https://openalex.org/W2109722393","https://openalex.org/W2110243528","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2113137767","https://openalex.org/W2119862467","https://openalex.org/W2122825543","https://openalex.org/W2124155137","https://openalex.org/W2131846894","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2135046866","https://openalex.org/W2150341604","https://openalex.org/W2155893237","https://openalex.org/W2157076315","https://openalex.org/W2161381512","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2167435976","https://openalex.org/W2167510172","https://openalex.org/W2189343552","https://openalex.org/W2280351290","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2344654247","https://openalex.org/W2395611524","https://openalex.org/W2514628397","https://openalex.org/W2524308422","https://openalex.org/W2571620227","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2900936384","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W4205947740","https://openalex.org/W4293241248"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2797301068","https://openalex.org/W2010631330","https://openalex.org/W2006470775","https://openalex.org/W2581226876","https://openalex.org/W4225134093","https://openalex.org/W4380448775","https://openalex.org/W4380269519","https://openalex.org/W3136232645","https://openalex.org/W1554732404","https://openalex.org/W2026784993"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Lung":[1],"cancer":[2,192],"is":[3,35,76,107,130,152],"the":[4,16,161,167,175,205,228,241,254,264],"leading":[5],"cause":[6],"of":[7,58,68,121,196,204,227],"cancer-related":[8],"deaths":[9],"in":[10,15,194],"both":[11],"men":[12],"and":[13,19,42,145,208,234],"women":[14],"United":[17],"States,":[18],"it":[20],"has":[21,179],"a":[22,51,84,115,131,153,184,219],"much":[23],"lower":[24],"five-year":[25],"survival":[26,33,52,146,168,177,221,236,265],"rate":[27],"than":[28],"many":[29],"other":[30],"cancers.":[31],"Accurate":[32],"analysis":[34,53,222,237],"urgently":[36],"needed":[37],"for":[38,141,183],"better":[39],"disease":[40],"diagnosis":[41],"treatment":[43],"management.":[44],"RESULTS:":[45],"In":[46,213,246],"this":[47,214],"work,":[48,215],"we":[49,216,248],"propose":[50],"system":[54,66,223],"that":[55,157,164,174,224],"takes":[56,225],"advantage":[57,226],"recently":[59,229],"emerging":[60,230],"deep":[61,85,231],"learning":[62,81,232],"techniques.":[63],"The":[64,73,92,127,149,187],"proposed":[65,176,218],"consists":[67],"three":[69],"major":[70],"components.":[71],"1)":[72],"first":[74],"component":[75,129],"an":[77,137,250],"end-to-end":[78],"cellular":[79,94],"feature":[80,111,143],"module":[82,156],"using":[83,114],"neural":[86],"network":[87],"with":[88,136],"global":[89],"average":[90],"pooling.":[91],"learned":[93],"representations":[95],"encode":[96],"high-level":[97],"biologically":[98],"relevant":[99],"information":[100],"without":[101],"requiring":[102],"individual":[103],"cell":[104],"segmentation,":[105],"which":[106,257],"aggregated":[108],"into":[109],"patient-level":[110],"vectors":[112],"by":[113],"locality-constrained":[116],"linear":[117],"coding":[118],"(LLC)-based":[119],"bag":[120],"words":[122],"(BoW)":[123],"encoding":[124],"algorithm.":[125],"2)":[126],"second":[128],"Cox":[132,242],"proportional":[133,243],"hazards":[134,244],"model":[135,178],"elastic":[138],"net":[139],"penalty":[140],"robust":[142],"selection":[144],"analysis.":[147],"3)":[148],"third":[150],"commponent":[151],"biomarker":[154],"interpretation":[155],"can":[158,258],"help":[159],"localize":[160],"image":[162],"regions":[163],"contribute":[165],"to":[166,252],"model's":[169,266],"decision.":[170,267],"Extensive":[171],"experiments":[172],"show":[173],"excellent":[180],"predictive":[181],"power":[182],"public":[185],"(i.e.,":[186],"Cancer":[188],"Genome":[189],"Atlas)":[190],"lung":[191],"dataset":[193],"terms":[195],"two":[197],"commonly":[198],"used":[199],"metrics:":[200],"log-rank":[201],"test":[202],"(p-value)":[203],"Kaplan-Meier":[206],"estimate":[207],"concordance":[209],"index":[210],"(c-index).":[211],"CONCLUSIONS:":[212],"have":[217],"segmentation-free":[220],"framework":[233],"well-studied":[235],"methods":[238],"such":[239],"as":[240,260],"model.":[245],"addition,":[247],"provide":[249],"approach":[251],"visualize":[253],"discovered":[255],"biomarkers,":[256],"serve":[259],"concrete":[261],"evidence":[262],"supporting":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}