{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2803405718","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-018-2184-4","title":"Visualizing histopathologic deep learning classification and anomaly detection using nonlinear feature space dimensionality reduction","display_name":"Visualizing histopathologic deep learning classification and anomaly detection using nonlinear feature space dimensionality reduction","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2803405718","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-018-2184-4","mag":"2803405718","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29769044"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12859-018-2184-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-018-2184-4","pdf_url":"https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12859-018-2184-4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12859-018-2184-4","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080096764","display_name":"Kevin Faust","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8006-5044"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Faust","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2E4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2E4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066787661","display_name":"Quin Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6372-343X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quin Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031040653","display_name":"Dominick Han","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominick Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2E4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2E4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008964484","display_name":"Kartikay Goyle","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kartikay Goyle","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011613624","display_name":"Zoya Volynskaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9840-7233"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325899441","display_name":"University Health Network","ror":"https://ror.org/042xt5161","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zoya Volynskaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada","Laboratory Medicine Program, Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory Medicine Program, Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090625322","display_name":"Ugljesa Djuric","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0027-3079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325899441","display_name":"University Health Network","ror":"https://ror.org/042xt5161","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802654988","display_name":"Princess Margaret Cancer Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/03zayce58","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I2802654988"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ugljesa Djuric","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory Medicine Program, Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada","Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, MacFeeters Hamilton Centre for Neuro-Oncology Research, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory Medicine Program, Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, MacFeeters Hamilton Centre for Neuro-Oncology Research, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802654988"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077316921","display_name":"Phedias Diamandis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5291-9068"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325899441","display_name":"University Health Network","ror":"https://ror.org/042xt5161","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802654988","display_name":"Princess Margaret Cancer Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/03zayce58","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I2802654988"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phedias Diamandis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada. p.diamandis@mail.utoronto.ca","Laboratory Medicine Program, Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada. p.diamandis@mail.utoronto.ca","Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, MacFeeters Hamilton Centre for Neuro-Oncology Research, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada. p.diamandis@mail.utoronto.ca","Laboratory Medicine Program, Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5291-9068","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada. p.diamandis@mail.utoronto.ca","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory Medicine Program, Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada. p.diamandis@mail.utoronto.ca","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, MacFeeters Hamilton Centre for Neuro-Oncology Research, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada. p.diamandis@mail.utoronto.ca","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802654988"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory Medicine Program, Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2790},"apc_paid":{"value":2790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2790},"fwci":5.9042,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":70,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96751567,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":"173","last_page":"173"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9111999869346619,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9111999869346619,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12859","display_name":"Cell Image Analysis Techniques","score":0.013000000268220901,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.012400000356137753,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.8086416125297546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.7275127172470093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.663240909576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6185777187347412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5678392648696899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5654093623161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Nonlinear dimensionality reduction","score":0.5637298226356506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","score":0.5166895389556885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.5143564939498901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.4508058428764343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.4370288550853729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curse-of-dimensionality","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","score":0.4305747151374817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.17933833599090576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16765594482421875}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.8086416125297546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.7275127172470093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.663240909576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6185777187347412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5678392648696899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5654093623161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151876577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7049464","display_name":"Nonlinear dimensionality reduction","level":3,"score":0.5637298226356506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5166895389556885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5143564939498901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.4508058428764343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.4370288550853729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.4305747151374817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17933833599090576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16765594482421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12859-018-2184-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-018-2184-4","pdf_url":"https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12859-018-2184-4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29769044","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29769044","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC bioinformatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:utoronto.scholaris.ca:1807/87943","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1807/87943","pdf_url":"https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/bitstreams/c92814d8-62d7-4df3-a3ab-7762f9a1ff7a/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400261","display_name":"TSpace (University of Toronto)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","host_organization_name":"University of Toronto","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4919715","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC5956828","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5956828","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5956828","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f5f4fb3cc349454babd8fe1cd8fb584f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f5f4fb3cc349454babd8fe1cd8fb584f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics, Vol 19, Iss 1, Pp 1-15 (2018)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12859-018-2184-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-018-2184-4","pdf_url":"https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12859-018-2184-4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.800000011920929,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309480","display_name":"Nvidia","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319978","display_name":"Brain Tumour Foundation of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04w23ys68"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331244","display_name":"Brain Tumour Research","ror":"https://ror.org/018kx8h28"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2803405718.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2803405718.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1901164038","https://openalex.org/W2034838676","https://openalex.org/W2085678918","https://openalex.org/W2098105438","https://openalex.org/W2103061399","https://openalex.org/W2132620282","https://openalex.org/W2148977460","https://openalex.org/W2160382843","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2200290088","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2261254692","https://openalex.org/W2342463046","https://openalex.org/W2366536035","https://openalex.org/W2401520370","https://openalex.org/W2512304460","https://openalex.org/W2514628397","https://openalex.org/W2581082771","https://openalex.org/W2593345132","https://openalex.org/W2618999197","https://openalex.org/W2624968784","https://openalex.org/W4248810809","https://openalex.org/W4293529598"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2375574759","https://openalex.org/W2383239174","https://openalex.org/W3088634662","https://openalex.org/W117517268","https://openalex.org/W3162910294","https://openalex.org/W2539700568","https://openalex.org/W1995622179","https://openalex.org/W1484111231","https://openalex.org/W4391160746","https://openalex.org/W2166963679"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"There":[1],"is":[2,169],"growing":[3],"interest":[4],"in":[5,16,134,206],"utilizing":[6],"artificial":[7],"intelligence,":[8],"and":[9,61,78,93,125,150,158,184,203,221],"particularly":[10],"deep":[11,58],"learning,":[12],"for":[13,140,200],"computer":[14],"vision":[15],"histopathology.":[17],"While":[18],"accumulating":[19],"studies":[20,34],"highlight":[21],"expert-level":[22],"performance":[23],"of":[24,122,196,213],"convolutional":[25],"neural":[26],"networks":[27],"(CNNs)":[28],"on":[29,36,46,110,190],"focused":[30],"classification":[31,98,167,183],"tasks,":[32],"most":[33],"rely":[35],"probability":[37,161],"distribution":[38,128,162],"scores":[39],"with":[40],"empirically":[41],"defined":[42,175],"cutoff":[43],"values":[44],"based":[45],"post-hoc":[47,191],"analysis.":[48],"More":[49],"generalizable":[50,182],"tools":[51],"that":[52],"allow":[53],"humans":[54],"to":[55,75,86,96,101,129,136,155,209],"visualize":[56],"histology-based":[57],"learning":[59],"inferences":[60],"decision":[62],"making":[63],"are":[64,225],"scarce.":[65],"RESULTS:":[66],"Here,":[67],"we":[68,89,114,116],"leverage":[69],"t-distributed":[70],"Stochastic":[71],"Neighbor":[72],"Embedding":[73],"(t-SNE)":[74],"reduce":[76],"dimensionality":[77],"depict":[79],"how":[80],"CNNs":[81,214],"organize":[82],"histomorphologic":[83],"information.":[84],"Unique":[85],"our":[87],"workflow,":[88],"develop":[90],"a":[91,172,181],"quantitative":[92,201],"transparent":[94],"approach":[95,145,168,199],"visualizing":[97],"decisions":[99],"prior":[100],"softmax":[102],"compression.":[103],"By":[104],"discretizing":[105],"the":[106,111],"relationships":[107],"between":[108],"classes":[109,224],"t-SNE":[112],"plot,":[113],"show":[115],"can":[117,146],"super-impose":[118],"randomly":[119],"sampled":[120],"regions":[121],"test":[123],"images":[124],"use":[126],"their":[127],"render":[130],"statistically-driven":[131],"classifications.":[132],"Therefore,":[133],"addition":[135],"providing":[137],"intuitive":[138],"outputs":[139],"human":[141],"review,":[142],"this":[143,165,197],"visual":[144],"carry":[147],"out":[148],"automated":[149],"objective":[151],"multi-class":[152],"classifications":[153],"similar":[154],"more":[156],"traditional":[157],"less-transparent":[159],"categorical":[160],"scores.":[163],"Importantly,":[164],"novel":[166],"driven":[170],"by":[171],"priori":[173],"statistically":[174],"cutoffs.":[176],"It":[177],"therefore":[178],"serves":[179],"as":[180],"anomaly":[185],"detection":[186],"tool":[187],"less":[188],"reliant":[189],"tuning.":[192],"CONCLUSION:":[193],"Routine":[194],"incorporation":[195],"convenient":[198],"visualization":[202],"error":[204],"reduction":[205],"histopathology":[207],"aims":[208],"accelerate":[210],"early":[211],"adoption":[212],"into":[215],"generalized":[216],"real-world":[217],"applications":[218],"where":[219],"unanticipated":[220],"previously":[222],"untrained":[223],"often":[226],"encountered.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}