{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2761714433","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-017-1857-8","title":"A method for named entity normalization in biomedical articles: application to diseases and plants","display_name":"A method for named entity normalization in biomedical articles: application to diseases and plants","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-10-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2761714433","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-017-1857-8","mag":"2761714433","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29029598"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12859-017-1857-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-017-1857-8","pdf_url":"https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12859-017-1857-8","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12859-017-1857-8","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101629310","display_name":"Hyejin Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3550-1633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39534123","display_name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024kbgz78","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyejin Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Chemdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Chemdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101524567","display_name":"Wonjun Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9711-0091"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39534123","display_name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024kbgz78","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wonjun Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Chemdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Chemdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100355268","display_name":"Hyunju Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2389-7183"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39534123","display_name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024kbgz78","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hyunju Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Chemdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea. hyunjulee@gist.ac.kr","School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Chemdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Chemdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea. hyunjulee@gist.ac.kr","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Chemdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100355268"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"],"apc_list":{"value":2790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2790},"apc_paid":{"value":2790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2790},"fwci":2.4324,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":71,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89942576,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":"451","last_page":"451"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9819999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/named-entity-recognition","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","score":0.8193502426147461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7249464988708496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.6976404786109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6531997323036194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomedical-text-mining","display_name":"Biomedical text mining","score":0.6127530336380005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5688661336898804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.49446654319763184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/named-entity","display_name":"Named entity","score":0.467158704996109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.44664156436920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-mining","display_name":"Text mining","score":0.2746170461177826}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779135771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q403574","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","level":3,"score":0.8193502426147461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7249464988708496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.6976404786109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6531997323036194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165141518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4915126","display_name":"Biomedical text mining","level":3,"score":0.6127530336380005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5688661336898804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.49446654319763184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777889803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25047676","display_name":"Named entity","level":2,"score":0.467158704996109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.44664156436920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71472368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676880","display_name":"Text mining","level":2,"score":0.2746170461177826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004194","descriptor_name":"Disease","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004194","descriptor_name":"Disease","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004194","descriptor_name":"Disease","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004194","descriptor_name":"Disease","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010944","descriptor_name":"Plants","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010944","descriptor_name":"Plants","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010944","descriptor_name":"Plants","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010944","descriptor_name":"Plants","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012015","descriptor_name":"Reference Standards","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012015","descriptor_name":"Reference Standards","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012015","descriptor_name":"Reference Standards","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012015","descriptor_name":"Reference Standards","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D039781","descriptor_name":"PubMed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D039781","descriptor_name":"PubMed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D039781","descriptor_name":"PubMed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D039781","descriptor_name":"PubMed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057225","descriptor_name":"Data Mining","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057225","descriptor_name":"Data Mining","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057225","descriptor_name":"Data Mining","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057225","descriptor_name":"Data Mining","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12859-017-1857-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-017-1857-8","pdf_url":"https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12859-017-1857-8","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29029598","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29029598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC bioinformatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f68357c6c6594e08afd87095ff46b943","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f68357c6c6594e08afd87095ff46b943","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics, Vol 18, Iss 1, Pp 1-12 (2017)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5640957","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5640957","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12859-017-1857-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-017-1857-8","pdf_url":"https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12859-017-1857-8","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.75,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6957961399","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2016M3A9C4939665","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/032e49973"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2761714433.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2761714433.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1550258693","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1953792931","https://openalex.org/W1964670939","https://openalex.org/W1977391294","https://openalex.org/W1992593537","https://openalex.org/W2001853173","https://openalex.org/W2023398713","https://openalex.org/W2024503898","https://openalex.org/W2060942759","https://openalex.org/W2065963191","https://openalex.org/W2070578616","https://openalex.org/W2074640468","https://openalex.org/W2096525273","https://openalex.org/W2100627415","https://openalex.org/W2101553882","https://openalex.org/W2107005506","https://openalex.org/W2131520733","https://openalex.org/W2135451108","https://openalex.org/W2138857742","https://openalex.org/W2141869602","https://openalex.org/W2142016317","https://openalex.org/W2142678031","https://openalex.org/W2142741334","https://openalex.org/W2144578941","https://openalex.org/W2146954401","https://openalex.org/W2149369282","https://openalex.org/W2156235098","https://openalex.org/W2158743996","https://openalex.org/W2168990503","https://openalex.org/W2169099542","https://openalex.org/W2169491861","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2251012068","https://openalex.org/W2296283641","https://openalex.org/W2468434029","https://openalex.org/W2520117834","https://openalex.org/W2572064709","https://openalex.org/W2579836593","https://openalex.org/W2612530491","https://openalex.org/W2790740913","https://openalex.org/W2913201579","https://openalex.org/W2962902328","https://openalex.org/W4244606935","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2032007337","https://openalex.org/W2793132289","https://openalex.org/W2186562580","https://openalex.org/W2134429551","https://openalex.org/W4378419072","https://openalex.org/W2287210469","https://openalex.org/W4221142212","https://openalex.org/W2901060953","https://openalex.org/W2899463504","https://openalex.org/W2295807127"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"In":[1,60,89,120],"biomedical":[2,61,92],"articles,":[3,31,62],"a":[4,103,174,256,277],"named":[5],"entity":[6,12,64],"recognition":[7],"(NER)":[8],"technique":[9],"that":[10,101,177,193,214],"identifies":[11],"names":[13,40,46,134],"from":[14,24,150,163],"texts":[15],"is":[16,28,35],"an":[17,125],"important":[18],"element":[19],"for":[20,71,83,127,154,238,296],"extracting":[21],"biological":[22,129,298],"knowledge":[23],"articles.":[25],"After":[26],"NER":[27],"applied":[29],"to":[30,36,49,142,168,187],"the":[32,38,50,77,151,194,200,204,209,215,226,240,260,265,271,283,287,306],"next":[33],"step":[34],"normalize":[37],"identified":[39],"into":[41],"standard":[42],"concepts":[43],"(i.e.,":[44],"disease":[45,58,133,158,242,261,272],"are":[47,79,309],"mapped":[48],"National":[51,152],"Library":[52],"of":[53,106,202,234,264,286],"Medicine's":[54],"Medical":[55],"Subject":[56],"Headings":[57],"terms).":[59],"many":[63],"normalization":[65,216,262],"methods":[66],"rely":[67],"on":[68],"domain-specific":[69],"dictionaries":[70,78,227],"resolving":[72],"synonyms":[73],"and":[74,97,135,160,181,212,236,244,305,313],"abbreviations.":[75],"However,":[76],"not":[80,229],"comprehensive":[81],"except":[82],"some":[84],"entities":[85],"such":[86,131],"as":[87,132,276],"genes.":[88],"recent":[90],"years,":[91],"articles":[93],"have":[94,109],"accumulated":[95],"rapidly,":[96],"neural":[98],"network-based":[99],"algorithms":[100],"incorporate":[102],"large":[104],"amount":[105],"unlabeled":[107,161,182,210],"data":[108,149,162,211,257],"shown":[110],"considerable":[111],"success":[112],"in":[113,259],"several":[114],"natural":[115],"language":[116],"processing":[117],"problems.":[118],"RESULTS:":[119],"this":[121],"study,":[122],"we":[123,178],"propose":[124],"approach":[126,196,254,280,292],"normalizing":[128,239,297],"entities,":[130],"plant":[136,247,303],"names,":[137],"by":[138,220],"using":[139,221,255],"word":[140,170,189],"embeddings":[141],"represent":[143,188],"semantic":[144],"spaces.":[145],"For":[146,172],"diseases,":[147],"training":[148,175,205],"Center":[153],"Biotechnology":[155],"Information":[156],"(NCBI)":[157],"corpus":[159,176,206,243,273,304],"PubMed":[164,183],"abstracts":[165,184],"were":[166,185,228],"used":[167,186,275],"construct":[169],"representations.":[171],"plants,":[173],"manually":[179,245,301],"constructed":[180,246,302],"vectors.":[190],"We":[191,231,250],"showed":[192,213],"proposed":[195,291,307],"performed":[197],"better":[198],"than":[199],"use":[201],"only":[203,208,270],"or":[207],"accuracy":[217],"was":[218,274],"improved":[219],"our":[222,253,279],"model":[223,308],"even":[224],"when":[225],"comprehensive.":[230],"obtained":[232],"F-scores":[233],"0.808":[235],"0.690":[237],"NCBI":[241],"corpus,":[248],"respectively.":[249,316],"further":[251],"evaluated":[252],"set":[258],"task":[263],"BioCreative":[266],"V":[267],"challenge.":[268],"When":[269],"dictionary,":[278],"significantly":[281],"outperformed":[282],"best":[284],"system":[285],"task.":[288],"CONCLUSIONS:":[289],"The":[290,300],"shows":[293],"robust":[294],"performance":[295],"entities.":[299],"available":[310],"at":[311],"http://gcancer.org/plant":[312],"http://gcancer.org/normalization":[314],",":[315]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2017-10-20T00:00:00"}