{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2130545421","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2946-7-s1-s10","title":"Recognition of chemical entities: combining dictionary-based and grammar-based approaches","display_name":"Recognition of chemical entities: combining dictionary-based and grammar-based approaches","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2130545421","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2946-7-s1-s10","mag":"2130545421","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25810767"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/1758-2946-7-s1-s10","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2946-7-s1-s10","pdf_url":"https://jcheminf.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1758-2946-7-S1-S10","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S180838163","display_name":"Journal of Cheminformatics","issn_l":"1758-2946","issn":["1758-2946"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cheminformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://jcheminf.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1758-2946-7-S1-S10","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023359433","display_name":"Saber A. Akhondi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2855-5633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801952686","display_name":"Erasmus MC","ror":"https://ror.org/018906e22","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801952686"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Saber A Akhondi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, Rotterdam, CA 3000, The Netherlands","Dept of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, Rotterdam, CA 3000, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801952686"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801952686"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029869005","display_name":"Kristina Hettne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4182-7560"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800006345","display_name":"Leiden University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05xvt9f17","country_code":"NL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800006345"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristina M Hettne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, Leiden, RC 2300, The Netherlands","Department of Human Genetics; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden; The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, Leiden, RC 2300, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800006345"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Genetics; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden; The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800006345"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036966441","display_name":"Eelke van der Horst","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-5612"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800006345","display_name":"Leiden University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05xvt9f17","country_code":"NL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800006345"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eelke van der Horst","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, Leiden, RC 2300, The Netherlands","Department of Human Genetics; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden; The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, Leiden, RC 2300, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800006345"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Genetics; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden; The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800006345"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053857782","display_name":"Erik M. van Mulligen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1377-9386"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801952686","display_name":"Erasmus MC","ror":"https://ror.org/018906e22","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801952686"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erik M van Mulligen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, Rotterdam, CA 3000, The Netherlands","Dept of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, Rotterdam, CA 3000, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801952686"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801952686"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005077862","display_name":"Jan A. Kors","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4929-026X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801952686","display_name":"Erasmus MC","ror":"https://ror.org/018906e22","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801952686"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan A Kors","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, Rotterdam, CA 3000, The Netherlands","Dept of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, Rotterdam, CA 3000, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801952686"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801952686"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023359433"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801952686"],"apc_list":{"value":2190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2190},"apc_paid":{"value":2190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2190},"fwci":1.2395,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7891231,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"S1","first_page":"S10","last_page":"S10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.8379999995231628,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.8379999995231628,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10211","display_name":"Computational Drug Discovery Methods","score":0.11150000244379044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13297","display_name":"History and advancements in chemistry","score":0.00860000029206276,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1606","display_name":"Physical and Theoretical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.828944206237793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chunking","display_name":"Chunking (psychology)","score":0.7812162041664124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.7617853879928589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6374474763870239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/named-entity-recognition","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","score":0.5806460380554199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.5022900104522705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.484079509973526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.47839224338531494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-set","display_name":"Test set","score":0.475314199924469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar","display_name":"Grammar","score":0.4670364558696747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4626719653606415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.4341731071472168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine-indexing","display_name":"Search engine indexing","score":0.41187208890914917}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.828944206237793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203357204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1089605","display_name":"Chunking (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7812162041664124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.7617853879928589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6374474763870239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779135771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q403574","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","level":3,"score":0.5806460380554199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.5022900104522705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.484079509973526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.47839224338531494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.475314199924469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.4670364558696747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4626719653606415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.4341731071472168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75165309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2258979","display_name":"Search engine indexing","level":2,"score":0.41187208890914917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/1758-2946-7-s1-s10","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2946-7-s1-s10","pdf_url":"https://jcheminf.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1758-2946-7-S1-S10","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S180838163","display_name":"Journal of Cheminformatics","issn_l":"1758-2946","issn":["1758-2946"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cheminformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:25810767","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25810767","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of cheminformatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:eur:oai:repub.eur.nl:81900","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1765/81900","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cheminformatics, 7","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:3334603","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4331686","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openaccess.leidenuniv.nl:1887/77522","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1887/77522","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400850","display_name":"Leiden Repository (Leiden University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","host_organization_name":"Leiden University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://jcheminf.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1758-2946-7-S1-S10","raw_type":"Article / Letter to editor"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repub.eur.nl:81900","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repub.eur.nl/pub/81900","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196287","display_name":"RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I913958620","host_organization_name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cheminformatics vol. 7","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl:item_2973594","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1887/77522","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400850","display_name":"Leiden Repository (Leiden University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","host_organization_name":"Leiden University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cheminformatics","raw_type":"Article / Letter to editor"},{"id":"pmh:ul:oai:scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl:item_2973594","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://jcheminf.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1758-2946-7-S1-S10","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cheminformatics, 7(suppl. 1), S10. BMC","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/1758-2946-7-s1-s10","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2946-7-s1-s10","pdf_url":"https://jcheminf.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1758-2946-7-S1-S10","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S180838163","display_name":"Journal of Cheminformatics","issn_l":"1758-2946","issn":["1758-2946"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cheminformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6800000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4013739292","display_name":"Advanced Workflow Preservation Technologies for Enhanced Science","funder_award_id":"270192","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307770","display_name":"AstraZeneca","ror":"https://ror.org/04r9x1a08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320006","display_name":"Royal Society","ror":"https://ror.org/03wnrjx87"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320251","display_name":"Royal Society of Chemistry","ror":"https://ror.org/025sbr097"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2130545421.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2130545421.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W161474860","https://openalex.org/W189514790","https://openalex.org/W1034019924","https://openalex.org/W1550258693","https://openalex.org/W1601495365","https://openalex.org/W1934019294","https://openalex.org/W1975147762","https://openalex.org/W1976892175","https://openalex.org/W1992593537","https://openalex.org/W1998442020","https://openalex.org/W2009660063","https://openalex.org/W2010866855","https://openalex.org/W2017222169","https://openalex.org/W2018518196","https://openalex.org/W2018874418","https://openalex.org/W2034354062","https://openalex.org/W2034537627","https://openalex.org/W2051810242","https://openalex.org/W2053385401","https://openalex.org/W2058490165","https://openalex.org/W2062331696","https://openalex.org/W2069676201","https://openalex.org/W2076018790","https://openalex.org/W2078161054","https://openalex.org/W2096541451","https://openalex.org/W2106797966","https://openalex.org/W2108492672","https://openalex.org/W2109341881","https://openalex.org/W2116760667","https://openalex.org/W2121244856","https://openalex.org/W2122709242","https://openalex.org/W2125904022","https://openalex.org/W2129038679","https://openalex.org/W2135505477","https://openalex.org/W2136794542","https://openalex.org/W2137052779","https://openalex.org/W2145870108","https://openalex.org/W2149369282","https://openalex.org/W2159583324","https://openalex.org/W2160022416","https://openalex.org/W2165671627","https://openalex.org/W2165681080","https://openalex.org/W2166468803","https://openalex.org/W2169491861","https://openalex.org/W2170876339","https://openalex.org/W2522519459"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2384729545","https://openalex.org/W2198395236","https://openalex.org/W2800417007","https://openalex.org/W147604216","https://openalex.org/W2118525872","https://openalex.org/W2279104074","https://openalex.org/W4240300554","https://openalex.org/W4360764637","https://openalex.org/W4385828902","https://openalex.org/W2138175674"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"The":[1,15,34,125,181,296],"past":[2],"decade":[3],"has":[4],"seen":[5],"an":[6,67,100,273],"upsurge":[7],"in":[8,13,49,106,157,175],"the":[9,39,44,56,60,88,153,168,172,188,191,213,220,226,230,233,242,252,290,307],"number":[10],"of":[11,18,41,47,90,117,127,135,171,183,190,206,225,265,289,306,317],"publications":[12],"chemistry.":[14],"ever-swelling":[16],"volume":[17],"available":[19,96],"documents":[20],"makes":[21],"it":[22],"increasingly":[23],"hard":[24],"to":[25,81,120,260,300,323],"extract":[26,82],"relevant":[27],"new":[28],"information":[29,137,303],"from":[30,84,200],"such":[31],"unstructured":[32],"texts.":[33],"BioCreative":[35],"CHEMDNER":[36],"challenge":[37],"invites":[38],"development":[40],"systems":[42,292],"for":[43,54,216,241,251,282,304],"automatic":[45],"recognition":[46,74,264,316],"chemicals":[48],"text":[50],"(CEM":[51],"task)":[52],"and":[53,94,114,133,177,208,219,245,267,279,314],"ranking":[55],"recognized":[57],"compounds":[58,83,155,308],"at":[59],"document":[61],"level":[62],"(CDI":[63],"task).":[64],"We":[65,86,141,271],"investigated":[66],"ensemble":[68,274],"approach":[69],"where":[70],"dictionary-based":[71,192,278],"named":[72,284],"entity":[73,285,319],"is":[75,298,321],"used":[76,161],"along":[77],"with":[78,108],"grammar-based":[79,217,280],"recognizers":[80,113],"text.":[85],"assessed":[87],"performance":[89,189],"ten":[91],"different":[92,110,128,154],"commercial":[93],"publicly":[95],"lexical":[97,144,211],"resources":[98,145],"using":[99,201],"open":[101],"source":[102],"indexing":[103],"system":[104,275,297,326],"(Peregrine),":[105],"combination":[107,205],"three":[109],"chemical":[111,122,148,176,283],"compound":[112],"a":[115,158,162],"set":[116],"regular":[118,221],"expressions":[119],"recognize":[121],"database":[123],"identifiers.":[124],"effect":[126],"stop-word":[129,184],"lists,":[130],"case-sensitivity":[131],"matching,":[132],"use":[134,182],"chunking":[136,202],"was":[138,196],"also":[139],"investigated.":[140],"focused":[142],"on":[143,167],"that":[146,276,293,309],"provide":[147,301],"structure":[149,302],"information.":[150,203],"To":[151],"rank":[152],"found":[156],"text,":[159],"we":[160,294],"term":[163,173,268],"confidence":[164],"score":[165],"based":[166],"normalized":[169],"ratio":[170],"frequencies":[174],"non-chemical":[178],"journals.":[179],"RESULTS:":[180],"lists":[185],"greatly":[186],"improved":[187],"recognition,":[193,218,286],"but":[194],"there":[195],"no":[197],"additional":[198],"benefit":[199],"A":[204],"ChEBI":[207],"HMDB":[209],"as":[210],"resources,":[212],"LeadMine":[214],"tool":[215],"expressions,":[222],"outperformed":[223],"any":[224,288],"individual":[227,291],"systems.":[228],"On":[229],"test":[231],"set,":[232],"F-scores":[234],"were":[235,257],"77.8%":[236],"(recall":[237,247],"71.2%,":[238],"precision":[239,249],"85.8%)":[240],"CEM":[243],"task":[244],"77.6%":[246],"71.7%,":[248],"84.6%)":[250],"CDI":[253],"task.":[254],"Missed":[255],"terms":[256],"mainly":[258],"due":[259],"tokenization":[261,313],"issues,":[262],"poor":[263],"formulas,":[266],"conjunctions.":[269],"CONCLUSIONS:":[270],"developed":[272],"combines":[277],"approaches":[281],"outperforming":[287],"considered.":[295],"able":[299],"most":[305],"are":[310],"found.":[311],"Improved":[312],"better":[315],"specific":[318],"types":[320],"likely":[322],"further":[324],"improve":[325],"performance.":[327]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
