{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2150484508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0381-4-21","title":"Evolving hard problems: Generating human genetics datasets with a complex etiology","display_name":"Evolving hard problems: Generating human genetics datasets with a complex etiology","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-07-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2150484508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0381-4-21","mag":"2150484508","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21736753"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/1756-0381-4-21","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0381-4-21","pdf_url":"https://biodatamining.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1756-0381-4-21","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84409260","display_name":"BioData Mining","issn_l":"1756-0381","issn":["1756-0381"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BioData Mining","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://biodatamining.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1756-0381-4-21","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043439179","display_name":"Daniel Himmelstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3012-7446"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107672454","display_name":"Dartmouth College","ror":"https://ror.org/049s0rh22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120259","display_name":"Dartmouth Psychiatric Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02td3ps96","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120259"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel S Himmelstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Genetics, Dartmouth Medical School, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA. jason.h.moore@dartmouth.edu","Department of Genetics, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, USA","Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Carl Icahn Laboratory, Princeton, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Genetics, Dartmouth Medical School, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA. jason.h.moore@dartmouth.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107672454","https://openalex.org/I4210120259"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Genetics, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Carl Icahn Laboratory, Princeton, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050692257","display_name":"Casey S. Greene","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8713-9213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Casey S Greene","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Carl Icahn Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA","Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Carl Icahn Laboratory, Princeton, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Carl Icahn Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Carl Icahn Laboratory, Princeton, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032971510","display_name":"Jason H. Moore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5015-1099"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107672454","display_name":"Dartmouth College","ror":"https://ror.org/049s0rh22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jason H Moore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Genetics, Dartmouth Medical School, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA","Department of Genetics, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Genetics, Dartmouth Medical School, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Genetics, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032971510"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"],"apc_list":{"value":1690,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2072},"apc_paid":{"value":1690,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2072},"fwci":1.7827,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85920674,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"1","first_page":"21","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.9645000100135803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.9645000100135803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11642","display_name":"Genomics and Rare Diseases","score":0.01510000042617321,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10887","display_name":"Bioinformatics and Genomic Networks","score":0.007499999832361937,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5577347278594971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5513637661933899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.46853843331336975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.46496230363845825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4201376438140869}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5577347278594971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5513637661933899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.46853843331336975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.46496230363845825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4201376438140869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/1756-0381-4-21","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0381-4-21","pdf_url":"https://biodatamining.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1756-0381-4-21","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84409260","display_name":"BioData Mining","issn_l":"1756-0381","issn":["1756-0381"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BioData Mining","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:21736753","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21736753","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BioData mining","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:262013333b114b3aabf5be167537f790","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/262013333b114b3aabf5be167537f790","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BioData Mining, Vol 4, Iss 1, p 21 (2011)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3154150","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3154150","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BioData Min","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/1756-0381-4-21","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0381-4-21","pdf_url":"https://biodatamining.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1756-0381-4-21","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84409260","display_name":"BioData Mining","issn_l":"1756-0381","issn":["1756-0381"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BioData Mining","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.46000000834465027}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2566570114","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ES007373","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G299099718","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LM009012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3117116875","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HD047447","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5614804429","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AI59694","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2150484508.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2150484508.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W104884240","https://openalex.org/W123765585","https://openalex.org/W586395054","https://openalex.org/W1505554058","https://openalex.org/W1511493290","https://openalex.org/W1554403518","https://openalex.org/W1560130085","https://openalex.org/W1560801430","https://openalex.org/W1566107011","https://openalex.org/W1567738939","https://openalex.org/W1568769775","https://openalex.org/W1576660662","https://openalex.org/W1584428002","https://openalex.org/W1595498733","https://openalex.org/W1964525882","https://openalex.org/W1966360257","https://openalex.org/W1997744129","https://openalex.org/W1998641738","https://openalex.org/W2007669896","https://openalex.org/W2019024533","https://openalex.org/W2040709122","https://openalex.org/W2041467022","https://openalex.org/W2051054384","https://openalex.org/W2053576831","https://openalex.org/W2062542617","https://openalex.org/W2062885451","https://openalex.org/W2076011171","https://openalex.org/W2076220518","https://openalex.org/W2084150578","https://openalex.org/W2100012833","https://openalex.org/W2121365620","https://openalex.org/W2140066605","https://openalex.org/W2140140747","https://openalex.org/W2143249342","https://openalex.org/W2149639086","https://openalex.org/W2154572047","https://openalex.org/W2157470879","https://openalex.org/W2161955279","https://openalex.org/W2479770215","https://openalex.org/W2496925084","https://openalex.org/W2500153114","https://openalex.org/W2525203296","https://openalex.org/W2913091258","https://openalex.org/W2951103596","https://openalex.org/W3023540311","https://openalex.org/W3104824402","https://openalex.org/W3207082359","https://openalex.org/W4239615332"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4313488044","https://openalex.org/W3209574120","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4210805261"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"A":[1],"goal":[2],"of":[3,29,36,46,54,126,131,156,164,170,179,190,221,264],"human":[4,241],"genetics":[5,242],"is":[6,124,185,247],"to":[7,15,23,66,88,103,196,224,234,257],"discover":[8],"genetic":[9,49,74,90,166,171,229],"factors":[10,75],"that":[11,119,270],"influence":[12],"individuals'":[13],"susceptibility":[14],"common":[16,19],"diseases.":[17],"Most":[18],"diseases":[20],"are":[21,193,280],"thought":[22],"result":[24],"from":[25,266,282],"the":[26,44,52,70,162,177,191,214,219,245,258,260],"joint":[27],"failure":[28],"two":[30],"or":[31,182,202],"more":[32],"interacting":[33],"components":[34],"instead":[35],"single":[37,165],"component":[38],"failures.":[39],"This":[40,211,231],"greatly":[41],"complicates":[42],"both":[43],"task":[45,53],"selecting":[47],"informative":[48],"variants":[50,172],"and":[51,60,68,76,96,114,142,168,206,213],"modeling":[55],"interactions":[56,205],"between":[57,72,111],"them.":[58],"We":[59,117,145,252],"others":[61],"have":[62,81,173],"previously":[63],"developed":[64],"algorithms":[65],"detect":[67],"model":[69,99,121,246],"relationships":[71,136],"these":[73,79],"disease.":[77],"Previously":[78],"methods":[80,223,237,272],"been":[82,174],"evaluated":[83],"with":[84,133,199],"datasets":[85,105,132,198,216,265,279],"simulated":[86],"according":[87],"pre-defined":[89],"models.":[91,230],"RESULTS:":[92],"Here":[93],"we":[94],"develop":[95],"evaluate":[97,235],"a":[98,108,128],"free":[100,122],"evolution":[101],"strategy":[102],"generate":[104,147],"which":[106,236],"display":[107],"complex":[109],"relationship":[110],"individual":[112],"genotype":[113],"disease":[115],"susceptibility.":[116],"show":[118],"this":[120],"approach":[123],"capable":[125],"generating":[127],"diverse":[129],"array":[130],"distinct":[134],"gene-disease":[135],"for":[137,152],"an":[138],"arbitrary":[139],"interaction":[140],"order":[141,204],"sample":[143],"size.":[144],"specifically":[146],"eight-hundred":[148],"Pareto":[149],"fronts;":[150],"one":[151],"each":[153,160,267],"independent":[154],"run":[155,161,268],"our":[157],"algorithm.":[158],"In":[159],"predictiveness":[163,178],"variation":[167],"pairs":[169],"minimized,":[175],"while":[176],"third,":[180],"fourth,":[181],"fifth-order":[183],"combinations":[184],"maximized.":[186],"Two":[187],"hundred":[188],"runs":[189],"algorithm":[192],"further":[194,253],"dedicated":[195],"creating":[197],"predictive":[200],"four":[201],"five":[203],"minimized":[207],"lower-level":[208],"effects.":[209],"CONCLUSIONS:":[210],"method":[212],"resulting":[215],"will":[217,238],"allow":[218],"capabilities":[220],"novel":[222,271],"be":[225,274],"tested":[226],"without":[227],"pre-specified":[228],"allows":[232],"researchers":[233],"succeed":[239],"on":[240],"problems":[243],"where":[244],"not":[248],"known":[249],"in":[250],"advance.":[251],"make":[254],"freely":[255],"available":[256,281],"community":[259],"entire":[261],"Pareto-optimal":[262],"front":[263],"so":[269],"may":[273],"rigorously":[275],"evaluated.":[276],"These":[277],"76,600":[278],"http://discovery.dartmouth.edu/model_free_data/.":[283]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}