{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2161279974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1499-2012-299","title":"Multiple access spatial modulation","display_name":"Multiple access spatial modulation","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2161279974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1499-2012-299","mag":"2161279974"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/1687-1499-2012-299","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1499-2012-299","pdf_url":"https://jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1687-1499-2012-299","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S82675988","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking","issn_l":"1687-1472","issn":["1687-1472","1687-1499"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1687-1499-2012-299","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000127961","display_name":"Nikola Serafimovski","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nikola Serafimovski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Digital Communications, Joint Research Institute for Signal and Image Processing, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK","Institute for Digital Communications, Joint Research Institute for Signal and Image Processing, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Digital Communications, Joint Research Institute for Signal and Image Processing, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Digital Communications, Joint Research Institute for Signal and Image Processing, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042598865","display_name":"Sinan Sinanovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2221-3467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sinan Sinanovi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Digital Communications, Joint Research Institute for Signal and Image Processing, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Digital Communications, Joint Research Institute for Signal and Image Processing, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081612175","display_name":"Marco Di Renzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0772-8793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102197404","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Sud","ror":"https://ror.org/028rypz17","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102197404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102475099","display_name":"Sup\u00e9lec","ror":"https://ror.org/00n7gwn90","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102475099"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Di Renzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Signals and Systems (L2S), French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), L\u2019Ecole Sup\u00e9rieure d\u2019\u00c9lectricit\u00e9 (SUP\u00c9LEC), University of Paris\u2013Sud XI (UPS), 3 rue Joliot-Curie, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette (Paris), France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Signals and Systems (L2S), French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), L\u2019Ecole Sup\u00e9rieure d\u2019\u00c9lectricit\u00e9 (SUP\u00c9LEC), University of Paris\u2013Sud XI (UPS), 3 rue Joliot-Curie, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette (Paris), France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102475099","https://openalex.org/I102197404","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074320996","display_name":"Harald Haas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9705-2701"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harald Haas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Digital Communications, Joint Research Institute for Signal and Image Processing, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK","Institute for Digital Communications, Joint Research Institute for Signal and Image Processing, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Digital Communications, Joint Research Institute for Signal and Image Processing, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Digital Communications, Joint Research Institute for Signal and Image Processing, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000127961"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":{"value":1140,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1398},"apc_paid":{"value":1140,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1398},"fwci":6.7408,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":68,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97201411,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2012","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.7816001176834106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.6966772079467773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6669197678565979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5802191495895386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.5415956377983093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-modulation","display_name":"Spatial modulation","score":0.5199255347251892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.5005426406860352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4949163794517517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4640345573425293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.43777796626091003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-antenna-interference-cancellation","display_name":"Single antenna interference cancellation","score":0.43565765023231506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.41255441308021545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3237811028957367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.321865975856781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.27412039041519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.17863202095031738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.12371256947517395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.11306726932525635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11083811521530151}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.7816001176834106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.6966772079467773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6669197678565979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5802191495895386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5415956377983093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019745063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107304836","display_name":"Spatial modulation","level":4,"score":0.5199255347251892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.5005426406860352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4949163794517517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4640345573425293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.43777796626091003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83204339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7523915","display_name":"Single antenna interference cancellation","level":3,"score":0.43565765023231506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.41255441308021545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3237811028957367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.321865975856781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.27412039041519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17863202095031738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.12371256947517395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.11306726932525635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11083811521530151}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/1687-1499-2012-299","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1499-2012-299","pdf_url":"https://jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1687-1499-2012-299","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S82675988","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking","issn_l":"1687-1472","issn":["1687-1472","1687-1499"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.gcu.ac.uk:publications/88bd1dba-f2ec-4eb5-b537-455e9c93d6dd","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402566","display_name":"ResearchOnline (Glasgow Caledonian University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I195939026","host_organization_name":"Glasgow Caledonian University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.gcu.ac.uk:openaire/88bd1dba-f2ec-4eb5-b537-455e9c93d6dd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://researchonline.gcu.ac.uk/en/publications/88bd1dba-f2ec-4eb5-b537-455e9c93d6dd","pdf_url":"https://researchonline.gcu.ac.uk/ws/files/51907670/Serafimovski_N._et_al_2012_Multiple_access_spatial_modulation.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055385","display_name":"ResearchOnline","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Serafimovski, N, Sinanovic, S, Di Renzo, M & Haas, H 2012, 'Multiple access spatial modulation', EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking . https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1499-2012-299","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/1687-1499-2012-299","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1499-2012-299","pdf_url":"https://jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1687-1499-2012-299","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S82675988","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking","issn_l":"1687-1472","issn":["1687-1472","1687-1499"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1934935867","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Engineering and Physical Sciences R","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2029533740","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/G011788/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2908584761","display_name":"Spatial Modulation","funder_award_id":"EP/G011788/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2161279974.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2161279974.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522045078","https://openalex.org/W1920325808","https://openalex.org/W1978810896","https://openalex.org/W2061023771","https://openalex.org/W2063089586","https://openalex.org/W2086710151","https://openalex.org/W2093932075","https://openalex.org/W2098409716","https://openalex.org/W2098929637","https://openalex.org/W2102503219","https://openalex.org/W2102798007","https://openalex.org/W2103036624","https://openalex.org/W2104447012","https://openalex.org/W2105572715","https://openalex.org/W2112170521","https://openalex.org/W2118233273","https://openalex.org/W2118590339","https://openalex.org/W2124384337","https://openalex.org/W2125669974","https://openalex.org/W2129869147","https://openalex.org/W2130423045","https://openalex.org/W2134188541","https://openalex.org/W2135305216","https://openalex.org/W2136951399","https://openalex.org/W2147930274","https://openalex.org/W2148570881","https://openalex.org/W2152121970","https://openalex.org/W2157961036","https://openalex.org/W2159339877","https://openalex.org/W2163504740","https://openalex.org/W2164664877","https://openalex.org/W2167848776","https://openalex.org/W2169605188","https://openalex.org/W2170422354","https://openalex.org/W2295559644","https://openalex.org/W2493309683","https://openalex.org/W2743368578","https://openalex.org/W2792494660","https://openalex.org/W2912369344","https://openalex.org/W4256217385"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1764296696","https://openalex.org/W1723464215","https://openalex.org/W2963918445","https://openalex.org/W2141181202","https://openalex.org/W4323520865","https://openalex.org/W4323351275","https://openalex.org/W4323520696","https://openalex.org/W4323354078","https://openalex.org/W2028792010","https://openalex.org/W4323354284"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"study,":[2],"we":[3],"seek":[4],"to":[5,110,115,128],"characterise":[6],"the":[7,14,37,47,85,90,93,101,106,116,142,152,159],"behaviour":[8,102],"of":[9,57,92,103,133,141,174],"Spatial":[10],"modulation":[11],"(SM)":[12],"in":[13,131,145],"multiple":[15,77],"access":[16],"scenario.":[17],"By":[18],"only":[19,54],"activating":[20],"a":[21,41,60,66],"single":[22,42],"transmit":[23,38],"antenna":[24],"for":[25,59],"any":[26],"transmission,":[27],"SM":[28,58,104,154],"entirely":[29],"avoids":[30],"inter-channel":[31],"interference,":[32],"requires":[33],"no":[34],"synchronisation":[35],"between":[36],"antennas":[39],"and":[40,80,95,112,118],"radio":[43],"frequency":[44],"chain":[45],"at":[46,100,166,170],"transmitter.":[48],"Most":[49],"contributions":[50],"thus":[51],"far":[52],"have":[53],"addressed":[55],"aspects":[56],"point-to-point":[61],"communication":[62],"system.":[63,123],"We":[64,88,98],"propose":[65],"maximum-likelihood":[67],"(ML)":[68],"detector":[69,155,164],"which":[70],"can":[71],"successfully":[72],"decode":[73],"incoming":[74],"data":[75],"from":[76,84],"simultaneous":[78],"transmissions":[79],"does":[81],"not":[82],"suffer":[83],"near-far":[86],"problem.":[87],"analyse":[89],"performance":[91],"interference-unaware":[94],"interference-aware":[96,153],"detectors.":[97],"look":[99],"as":[105],"signal-to-interference-plus-noise":[107],"ratio":[108],"goes":[109],"infinity":[111],"compare":[113],"it":[114],"complexity":[117,134,160],"cost":[119],"equivalent":[120,130,161],"single-input-multiple-output":[121],"(SIMO)":[122],"Two":[124],"systems":[125],"are":[126,140],"considered":[127],"be":[129],"terms":[132],"if":[135],"their":[136],"respective":[137],"detection":[138],"algorithms":[139],"same":[143],"order":[144],"O()":[146],"notation.":[147],"Simulation":[148],"results":[149],"show":[150],"that":[151],"performs":[156],"better":[157],"than":[158],"multi-user":[162],"ML-SIMO":[163],"by":[165],"least":[167],"3":[168],"dB":[169],"an":[171],"average":[172],"bit-error-ratio":[173],"10":[175],"-3":[176],".":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}