{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2026227080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-8-264","title":"Using contextual and lexical features to restructure and validate the classification of biomedical concepts","display_name":"Using contextual and lexical features to restructure and validate the classification of biomedical concepts","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-07-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2026227080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-8-264","mag":"2026227080","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17650333"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/1471-2105-8-264","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-8-264","pdf_url":"https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1471-2105-8-264","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1471-2105-8-264","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111584033","display_name":"Jung-Wei Fan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jung-Wei Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Vanderbilt Clinic, 5th Floor, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA. jung-wei.fan@dbmi.columbia.edu","Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, Vanderbilt Clinic, 5th Floor, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Vanderbilt Clinic, 5th Floor, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA. jung-wei.fan@dbmi.columbia.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, Vanderbilt Clinic, 5th Floor, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084072550","display_name":"Hua Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5274-4672"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hua Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Vanderbilt Clinic, 5th Floor, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA","Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Vanderbilt Clinic, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Vanderbilt Clinic, 5th Floor, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Vanderbilt Clinic, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109277899","display_name":"Carol Friedman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carol Friedman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Vanderbilt Clinic, 5th Floor, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA","Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Vanderbilt Clinic, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Vanderbilt Clinic, 5th Floor, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Vanderbilt Clinic, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111584033"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"apc_list":{"value":1690,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2072},"apc_paid":{"value":1690,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2072},"fwci":0.5382,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65282721,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"264","last_page":"264"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.7750999927520752,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.7750999927520752,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.0568000003695488,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.04179999977350235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8202268481254578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unified-medical-language-system","display_name":"Unified Medical Language System","score":0.6560172438621521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6040089130401611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5817915797233582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5151685476303101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rank","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","score":0.489403635263443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terminology","display_name":"Terminology","score":0.47755321860313416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-reciprocal-rank","display_name":"Mean reciprocal rank","score":0.47306740283966064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4536747634410858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-error-rate","display_name":"Word error rate","score":0.43814581632614136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.4363483190536499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/string","display_name":"String (physics)","score":0.4314599633216858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexical-analysis","display_name":"Lexical analysis","score":0.42023175954818726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.329493910074234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3285630941390991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.11089000105857849}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8202268481254578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69505689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q455338","display_name":"Unified Medical Language System","level":2,"score":0.6560172438621521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6040089130401611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5817915797233582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5151685476303101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.489403635263443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547195049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1725664","display_name":"Terminology","level":2,"score":0.47755321860313416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44083865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3853443","display_name":"Mean reciprocal rank","level":2,"score":0.47306740283966064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4536747634410858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.43814581632614136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.4363483190536499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157486923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376436","display_name":"String (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4314599633216858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176982825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835922","display_name":"Lexical analysis","level":2,"score":0.42023175954818726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.329493910074234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3285630941390991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.11089000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D008490","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008490","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008490","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008490","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008490","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008490","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009626","descriptor_name":"Terminology as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009626","descriptor_name":"Terminology as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009626","descriptor_name":"Terminology as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017432","descriptor_name":"Unified Medical Language System","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017432","descriptor_name":"Unified Medical Language System","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017432","descriptor_name":"Unified Medical Language System","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017432","descriptor_name":"Unified Medical Language System","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017432","descriptor_name":"Unified Medical Language System","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017432","descriptor_name":"Unified Medical Language System","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/1471-2105-8-264","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-8-264","pdf_url":"https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1471-2105-8-264","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:17650333","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17650333","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC bioinformatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:academiccommons.columbia.edu:10.7916/D8PR7TDS","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7916/D8PR7TDS","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402601","display_name":"Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","host_organization_name":"Columbia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5ee69238410b46eb9709cf9fb8f119a5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5ee69238410b46eb9709cf9fb8f119a5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics, Vol 8, Iss 1, p 264 (2007)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2014782","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2014782","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.7916/d8pr7tds","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7916/d8pr7tds","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402601","display_name":"Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","host_organization_name":"Columbia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/1471-2105-8-264","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-8-264","pdf_url":"https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1471-2105-8-264","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2026227080.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2026227080.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W5360328","https://openalex.org/W17548503","https://openalex.org/W153781075","https://openalex.org/W157320947","https://openalex.org/W389505355","https://openalex.org/W1513938829","https://openalex.org/W1528321674","https://openalex.org/W1601068932","https://openalex.org/W1606247040","https://openalex.org/W1608124137","https://openalex.org/W1822004795","https://openalex.org/W1934831274","https://openalex.org/W1994306321","https://openalex.org/W2002043951","https://openalex.org/W2022817031","https://openalex.org/W2041428546","https://openalex.org/W2045625802","https://openalex.org/W2049998732","https://openalex.org/W2087361167","https://openalex.org/W2098201295","https://openalex.org/W2103017472","https://openalex.org/W2105210173","https://openalex.org/W2109711517","https://openalex.org/W2114277790","https://openalex.org/W2115155821","https://openalex.org/W2115871101","https://openalex.org/W2120084270","https://openalex.org/W2133629218","https://openalex.org/W2136134253","https://openalex.org/W2140334041","https://openalex.org/W2143936917","https://openalex.org/W2144949988","https://openalex.org/W2157272674","https://openalex.org/W2159583324","https://openalex.org/W2162311237","https://openalex.org/W2163107094","https://openalex.org/W2163670493","https://openalex.org/W2165625418","https://openalex.org/W2167895352","https://openalex.org/W2168905447","https://openalex.org/W2169240343","https://openalex.org/W2485074437","https://openalex.org/W2628074563","https://openalex.org/W4388123485"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W79619734","https://openalex.org/W2010487328","https://openalex.org/W2340589664","https://openalex.org/W4281750475","https://openalex.org/W3087321790","https://openalex.org/W186091728","https://openalex.org/W2939811865","https://openalex.org/W2079870641","https://openalex.org/W2622421183","https://openalex.org/W3185922486"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Biomedical":[1],"ontologies":[2,56],"are":[3],"critical":[4],"for":[5,13],"integration":[6],"of":[7,33,42,91,101,115,135,142,166,172,192,199,219,225,235],"data":[8,182],"from":[9,81],"diverse":[10],"sources":[11],"and":[12,28,46,53,88,119,146,154,194],"use":[14],"by":[15,161],"knowledge-based":[16],"biomedical":[17,102],"applications,":[18],"especially":[19,178],"natural":[20],"language":[21],"processing":[22],"as":[23,25],"well":[24],"associated":[26],"mining":[27],"reasoning":[29],"systems.":[30],"The":[31,128,144,170,202,222],"effectiveness":[32],"these":[34],"systems":[35],"is":[36],"heavily":[37],"dependent":[38],"on":[39,113,180],"the":[40,43,55,92,116,123,155,167,174,188,217,236],"quality":[41],"ontological":[44,220],"terms":[45],"their":[47,66],"classifications.":[48],"To":[49],"assist":[50],"in":[51,209],"developing":[52],"maintaining":[54],"objectively,":[57],"we":[58,72,107],"propose":[59],"automatic":[60],"approaches":[61,148,176],"to":[62,86,122,151,211],"classify":[63],"and/or":[64],"validate":[65,89],"semantic":[67,207],"categories.":[68],"In":[69,104],"previous":[70],"work,":[71],"developed":[73],"an":[74,132],"approach":[75,111,130],"using":[76],"contextual":[77,124,185,213],"syntactic":[78,125,212],"features":[79,204,214],"obtained":[80],"a":[82,98,138,163,195],"large":[83],"domain":[84],"corpus":[85],"reclassify":[87],"concepts":[90],"Unified":[93],"Medical":[94],"Language":[95],"System":[96],"(UMLS),":[97],"comprehensive":[99],"resource":[100],"terminology.":[103],"this":[105],"paper,":[106],"introduce":[108],"another":[109,206],"classification":[110,218,223],"based":[112],"words":[114],"concept":[117],"strings":[118],"compare":[120],"it":[121],"approach.":[126],"RESULTS:":[127],"string-based":[129,147],"achieved":[131],"error":[133,156,190],"rate":[134,157,191],"0.143,":[136],"with":[137,183],"mean":[139,196],"reciprocal":[140,197],"rank":[141,198],"0.907.":[143],"context-based":[145],"were":[149],"found":[150],"be":[152,229],"complementary,":[153],"was":[158,177],"reduced":[159,231],"further":[160,230],"applying":[162],"linear":[164],"combination":[165,234],"two":[168,175],"classifiers.":[169,238],"advantage":[171],"combining":[173],"manifested":[179],"test":[181],"sufficient":[184],"features,":[186],"achieving":[187],"lowest":[189],"0.055":[193],"0.969.":[200],"CONCLUSION:":[201],"lexical":[203],"provide":[205],"dimension":[208,227],"addition":[210],"that":[215],"support":[216],"concepts.":[221],"errors":[224],"each":[226],"can":[228],"through":[232],"appropriate":[233],"complementary":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
