{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1747861911","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-7-92","title":"Various criteria in the evaluation of biomedical named entity recognition","display_name":"Various criteria in the evaluation of biomedical named entity recognition","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1747861911","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-7-92","mag":"1747861911","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16504116"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/1471-2105-7-92","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-7-92","pdf_url":"https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1471-2105-7-92","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1471-2105-7-92","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030771512","display_name":"Richard Tzong\u2010Han Tsai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0513-107X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098366","display_name":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/00z83z196","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366","https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Tzong-Han Tsai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, ROC, Taiwan. thtsai@iis.sinica.edu.tw","Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan","Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, ROC, Taiwan. thtsai@iis.sinica.edu.tw","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008964848","display_name":"Shih-Hung Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1769-0613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126145234","display_name":"Chaoyang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xwksx09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126145234"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098366","display_name":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/00z83z196","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366","https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shih-Hung Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung County, 413, R.O.C, Taiwan","Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, R.O.C, Taiwan","Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung County, Taiwan","Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung County, 413, R.O.C, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126145234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, R.O.C, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung County, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126145234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035083649","display_name":"Wen\u2010Chi Chou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8408-3533"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098366","display_name":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/00z83z196","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366","https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen-Chi Chou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, R.O.C, Taiwan","Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, R.O.C, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036253440","display_name":"Yu\u2010Chun Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1470-4159"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098366","display_name":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/00z83z196","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366","https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Chun Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, R.O.C, Taiwan","Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, R.O.C, Taiwan","Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, R.O.C, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, R.O.C, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043986101","display_name":"Ding He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0440-5676"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098366","display_name":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/00z83z196","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366","https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ding He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, R.O.C, Taiwan","Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, R.O.C, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058983757","display_name":"Jieh Hsiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2649-4331"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jieh Hsiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, R.O.C, Taiwan","[dept. of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, R.O.C, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[dept. of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017920981","display_name":"Ting\u2010Yi Sung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6028-0409"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098366","display_name":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/00z83z196","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366","https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ting-Yi Sung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, R.O.C, Taiwan","Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, R.O.C, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075392444","display_name":"Wen\u2010Lian Hsu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098366","display_name":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/00z83z196","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366","https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wen-Lian Hsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, R.O.C, Taiwan","Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, R.O.C, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017920981","https://openalex.org/A5075392444"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366"],"apc_list":{"value":1690,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2072},"apc_paid":{"value":1690,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2072},"fwci":2.7272,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":132,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89522634,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"92","last_page":"92"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.756600022315979,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.756600022315979,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.19339999556541443,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.005900000222027302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7937600612640381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.7006034255027771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/named-entity-recognition","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","score":0.6267838478088379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5956755876541138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.5858614444732666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5273621678352356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.37793633341789246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3485652208328247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3396374583244324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.2755841314792633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.14496728777885437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12845873832702637}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7937600612640381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.7006034255027771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779135771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q403574","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","level":3,"score":0.6267838478088379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5956755876541138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5858614444732666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5273621678352356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.37793633341789246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3485652208328247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3396374583244324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.2755841314792633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.14496728777885437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12845873832702637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001695","descriptor_name":"Biology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001695","descriptor_name":"Biology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001695","descriptor_name":"Biology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008511","descriptor_name":"Medicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008511","descriptor_name":"Medicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008511","descriptor_name":"Medicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009626","descriptor_name":"Terminology as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009626","descriptor_name":"Terminology as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009626","descriptor_name":"Terminology as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016247","descriptor_name":"Information Storage and Retrieval","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016247","descriptor_name":"Information Storage and Retrieval","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016247","descriptor_name":"Information Storage and Retrieval","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018875","descriptor_name":"Vocabulary, Controlled","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018875","descriptor_name":"Vocabulary, Controlled","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018875","descriptor_name":"Vocabulary, Controlled","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/1471-2105-7-92","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-7-92","pdf_url":"https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1471-2105-7-92","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:16504116","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16504116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC bioinformatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:40e098e2218e4a83add67654743882ad","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/40e098e2218e4a83add67654743882ad","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics, Vol 7, Iss 1, p 92 (2006)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1402329","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1402329","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/1471-2105-7-92","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-7-92","pdf_url":"https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1471-2105-7-92","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321040","display_name":"National Science Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321041","display_name":"Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/05bxb3784"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1747861911.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1747861911.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W103785035","https://openalex.org/W1592053870","https://openalex.org/W1992581389","https://openalex.org/W2004111828","https://openalex.org/W2016085990","https://openalex.org/W2018874418","https://openalex.org/W2024159593","https://openalex.org/W2047782770","https://openalex.org/W2048140075","https://openalex.org/W2056119436","https://openalex.org/W2103907281","https://openalex.org/W2104329117","https://openalex.org/W2110279753","https://openalex.org/W2114361266","https://openalex.org/W2127031049","https://openalex.org/W2133431243","https://openalex.org/W2134769633","https://openalex.org/W2135912801","https://openalex.org/W2144001613","https://openalex.org/W2151296343","https://openalex.org/W2151698208","https://openalex.org/W2161905890","https://openalex.org/W2163107094"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4377865234","https://openalex.org/W2078793151","https://openalex.org/W3017222382","https://openalex.org/W3128216712","https://openalex.org/W3136915866","https://openalex.org/W4390279576","https://openalex.org/W2886890203","https://openalex.org/W4313535650","https://openalex.org/W2287770975","https://openalex.org/W2991463832"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Text":[1],"mining":[2],"in":[3,99,144,248,273],"the":[4,84,100,107,120,134,231,237,245],"biomedical":[5,38,262],"domain":[6],"is":[7,17],"receiving":[8],"increasing":[9],"attention.":[10],"A":[11],"key":[12],"component":[13],"of":[14,86,213,222,239,285],"this":[15],"process":[16],"named":[18,39],"entity":[19,40],"recognition":[20,41],"(NER).":[21],"Generally":[22],"speaking,":[23],"two":[24,48,102],"annotated":[25],"corpora,":[26],"GENIA":[27],"and":[28,36,45,63,77,89,111,147,165,179,201,235,251,295,304],"GENETAG,":[29],"are":[30,47,256],"most":[31,280],"frequently":[32],"used":[33],"for":[34],"training":[35],"testing":[37,164],"(Bio-NER)":[42],"systems.":[43,138],"JNLPBA":[44,123,154,233,303],"BioCreAtIvE":[46,137],"major":[49],"Bio-NER":[50],"tasks":[51,56],"using":[52,125],"these":[53,75],"corpora.":[54],"Both":[55],"take":[57],"different":[58,65,87],"approaches":[59],"to":[60,68,118,168,171,228,302,326],"corpus":[61],"annotation":[62,90],"use":[64],"matching":[66,224,254,306],"criteria":[67,88,181,225,255,321],"evaluate":[69,119,219],"system":[70,93,234],"performance.":[71],"This":[72],"paper":[73],"details":[74],"differences":[76],"describes":[78],"alternative":[79],"criteria.":[80,307],"We":[81,129],"then":[82,130],"examine":[83,236],"impact":[85],"schemes":[91],"on":[92,153,156,230],"performance":[94],"by":[95],"retesting":[96],"systems":[97,124,142],"participated":[98,143],"above":[101],"tasks.":[103],"RESULTS:":[104],"To":[105],"analyze":[106],"difference":[108,185],"between":[109],"JNLPBA's":[110,203],"BioCreAtIvE's":[112,126,172,305],"evaluation,":[113],"we":[114,161,191,218,290],"conduct":[115],"Experiment":[116,159,189,216],"1":[117],"top":[121,135,232],"four":[122,136],"classification":[127],"scheme.":[128,174],"compare":[131],"them":[132],"with":[133,186],"Among":[139],"them,":[140],"three":[141],"both":[145],"tasks,":[146],"each":[148],"has":[149],"an":[150,211],"F-score":[151,212,252],"lower":[152],"than":[155],"BioCreAtIvE.":[157,187],"In":[158,188,215,259,287,308],"2,":[160],"apply":[162],"hypothesis":[163],"correlation":[166],"coefficient":[167],"find":[169],"alternatives":[170,301],"evaluation":[173],"It":[175],"shows":[176],"that":[177,197,292,314,322],"right-match":[178],"left-match":[180],"have":[182,265],"no":[183],"significant":[184],"3,":[190],"propose":[192],"a":[193,220],"customized":[194],"relaxed-match":[195,311],"criterion":[196,312],"uses":[198],"right":[199,277,293],"match":[200,294,297],"merges":[202],"five":[204,223],"NE":[205],"classes":[206],"into":[207],"two,":[208],"which":[209,269],"achieves":[210],"81.5%.":[214],"4,":[217],"range":[221],"from":[226],"loose":[227],"strict":[229],"percentage":[238],"false":[240],"negatives.":[241],"Our":[242],"experiment":[243],"gives":[244],"relative":[246],"change":[247],"precision,":[249],"recall":[250],"as":[253],"relaxed.":[257],"CONCLUSION:":[258],"many":[260],"applications,":[261],"NEs":[263],"could":[264],"several":[266],"acceptable":[267],"tags,":[268],"might":[270],"just":[271],"differ":[272],"their":[274,318,327],"left":[275,296],"or":[276],"boundaries.":[278],"However,":[279],"corpora":[281],"annotate":[282],"only":[283],"one":[284],"them.":[286],"our":[288,310],"experiment,":[289],"found":[291],"can":[298,316],"be":[299],"appropriate":[300],"addition,":[309],"demonstrates":[313],"users":[315],"define":[317],"own":[319],"relaxed":[320],"correspond":[323],"more":[324],"realistically":[325],"application":[328],"requirements.":[329]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T15:47:20.252518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}