{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414391896","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21522715251379987","title":"Evaluating Artificial Intelligence Use and Its Psychological Correlates via Months of Web-Browsing Data","display_name":"Evaluating Artificial Intelligence Use and Its Psychological Correlates via Months of Web-Browsing Data","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414391896","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21522715251379987","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40977447"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/21522715251379987","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21522715251379987","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118036144","display_name":"Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking","issn_l":"2152-2715","issn":["2152-2715","2152-2723"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320443","host_organization_name":"Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320443"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Mary Ann Liebert, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116848485","display_name":"Emily K McKinley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5262-9340"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Emily McKinley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communication, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075740191","display_name":"David M. Markowitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7159-7014"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David M. Markowitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communication, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7159-7014","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052095346","display_name":"Rui Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8790-4712"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communication, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032328555","display_name":"Brandon Van Der Heide","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0068-4919"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brandon Van Der Heide","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communication, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5116848485"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0004,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93809505,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"10","first_page":"680","last_page":"688"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11040","display_name":"Personality Traits and Psychology","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11040","display_name":"Personality Traits and Psychology","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11542","display_name":"Behavioral Health and Interventions","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13283","display_name":"Mental Health Research Topics","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personality","display_name":"Personality","score":0.5218999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-five-personality-traits","display_name":"Big Five personality traits","score":0.5088000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demographics","display_name":"Demographics","score":0.4999000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-report-study","display_name":"Self-report study","score":0.3865000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.3531999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applications-of-artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","score":0.3012000024318695}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6118999719619751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187288502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641118","display_name":"Personality","level":2,"score":0.5218999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2865642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378132","display_name":"Big Five personality traits","level":3,"score":0.5088000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780084366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demographics","level":2,"score":0.4999000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54998920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16255102","display_name":"Self-report study","level":2,"score":0.3865000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.3767000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.3531999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.35030001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.3418999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.30809998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30660000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157170001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781507","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.3012000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.2919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163515075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q873512","display_name":"Psychological testing","level":2,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008257","descriptor_name":"Machiavellianism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008257","descriptor_name":"Machiavellianism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009289","descriptor_name":"Narcissism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009289","descriptor_name":"Narcissism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010551","descriptor_name":"Personality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010551","descriptor_name":"Personality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013334","descriptor_name":"Students","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013334","descriptor_name":"Students","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020407","descriptor_name":"Internet","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D020407","descriptor_name":"Internet","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/21522715251379987","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21522715251379987","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118036144","display_name":"Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking","issn_l":"2152-2715","issn":["2152-2715","2152-2723"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320443","host_organization_name":"Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320443"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Mary Ann Liebert, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40977447","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40977447","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1791587663","https://openalex.org/W1981738898","https://openalex.org/W2009505424","https://openalex.org/W2017355618","https://openalex.org/W2060487825","https://openalex.org/W2105323129","https://openalex.org/W2117039829","https://openalex.org/W2119047171","https://openalex.org/W2129015869","https://openalex.org/W2151092491","https://openalex.org/W2162090451","https://openalex.org/W2551477234","https://openalex.org/W2596469978","https://openalex.org/W2759646500","https://openalex.org/W2914511770","https://openalex.org/W3043210715","https://openalex.org/W3087020444","https://openalex.org/W3163286462","https://openalex.org/W4206801982","https://openalex.org/W4242883546","https://openalex.org/W4283790337","https://openalex.org/W4293059849","https://openalex.org/W4300126076","https://openalex.org/W4310506646","https://openalex.org/W4367302335","https://openalex.org/W4377043947","https://openalex.org/W4385191921","https://openalex.org/W4386822064","https://openalex.org/W4387950352","https://openalex.org/W4391645243","https://openalex.org/W4392881512","https://openalex.org/W4403354302","https://openalex.org/W4404634677","https://openalex.org/W4405850873","https://openalex.org/W4406307660","https://openalex.org/W4408483160"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"=":[0,106],"455),":[1],"quantifying":[2],"how":[3],"often":[4],"people":[5],"used":[6],"AI":[7,35,58,77,86,95,99,126,141],"and":[8,24,45,97,130],"evaluating":[9],"the":[10,31,71,121,136],"psychological":[11],"correlates":[12],"of":[13,42,47,57,113,120,125],"such":[14],"use.":[15,115],"Upon":[16],"coding":[17],"4.1":[18],"million":[19,26],"websites":[20,27],"in":[21,28,110,127],"Study":[22,29],"1":[23],"9.9":[25],"2,":[30],"evidence":[32],"suggested":[33],"that":[34,93],"use":[36,59,78,87,96,100],"was":[37],"relatively":[38],"infrequent,":[39],"totaling":[40],"1%":[41],"student":[43],"web-browsing":[44],"0.44%":[46],"general":[48],"public":[49],"web-browsing,":[50],"on":[51],"average.":[52],"The":[53],"most":[54],"consistent":[55],"predictors":[56],"across":[60,79,88],"studies":[61],"were":[62,73,82,101],"aversive":[63],"personality":[64],"traits":[65,72],"(e.g.,":[66],"Machiavellianism,":[67],"narcissism,":[68],"psychopathy),":[69],"albeit":[70],"differentially":[74],"associated":[75,139],"with":[76,140],"studies.":[80,89],"Demographics":[81],"largely":[83],"unrelated":[84],"to":[85],"Finally,":[90],"we":[91],"observed":[92],"self-reported":[94],"actual":[98],"only":[102],"moderately":[103],"correlated":[104],"(\u03c1":[105],"0.329),":[107],"suggesting":[108],"limitations":[109],"subjective":[111],"measures":[112],"media":[114],"These":[116],"findings":[117],"provide":[118],"some":[119],"first":[122],"behavioral":[123],"measurements":[124],"naturalistic":[128],"settings":[129],"establish":[131],"important":[132],"benchmarks":[133],"for":[134],"understanding":[135],"individual":[137],"differences":[138],"adoption.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-28T14:05:53.105641","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}