{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4360591558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517231158631","title":"\u2018I started seeing shadows everywhere\u2019: The diverse chilling effects of surveillance in Zimbabwe","display_name":"\u2018I started seeing shadows everywhere\u2019: The diverse chilling effects of surveillance in Zimbabwe","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4360591558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517231158631"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/20539517231158631","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517231158631","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736409588","display_name":"Big Data & Society","issn_l":"2053-9517","issn":["2053-9517"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data &amp; Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517231158631","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004419756","display_name":"Amy Stevens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4304-6458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177463362","display_name":"University of West London","ror":"https://ror.org/03e5mzp60","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amy Stevens","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of West London, Ealing, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4304-6458","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of West London, Ealing, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045794899","display_name":"Pete Fussey","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","display_name":"University of Essex","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pete Fussey","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Essex, Colchester, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1374-7133","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Essex, Colchester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048007449","display_name":"Daragh Murray","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3891-9130"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daragh Murray","raw_affiliation_strings":["Queen Mary University of London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queen Mary University of London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023680414","display_name":"Kuda Hove","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kuda Hove","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092779538","display_name":"Otto Saki","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Otto Saki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045794899"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"],"apc_list":{"value":800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":800},"apc_paid":{"value":800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":800},"fwci":7.9726,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97553211,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10133","display_name":"Media Studies and Communication","score":0.9596999883651733,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10133","display_name":"Media Studies and Communication","score":0.9596999883651733,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11350","display_name":"Sex work and related issues","score":0.9595000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13843","display_name":"African Sexualities and LGBTQ+ Issues","score":0.9221000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5987945795059204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-rights","display_name":"Human rights","score":0.5232666730880737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citizen-journalism","display_name":"Citizen journalism","score":0.49143993854522705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scholarship","display_name":"Scholarship","score":0.4903161823749542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.4892280101776123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-relations","display_name":"Public relations","score":0.43646231293678284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.41843026876449585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democracy","display_name":"Democracy","score":0.4183617830276489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.38484397530555725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.30939528346061707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.15800315141677856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1240834891796112}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5987945795059204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169437150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458","display_name":"Human rights","level":2,"score":0.5232666730880737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203663800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848979","display_name":"Citizen journalism","level":2,"score":0.49143993854522705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778061430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188823","display_name":"Scholarship","level":2,"score":0.4903161823749542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4892280101776123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.43646231293678284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.41843026876449585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.4183617830276489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.38484397530555725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.30939528346061707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.15800315141677856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1240834891796112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/20539517231158631","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517231158631","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736409588","display_name":"Big Data & Society","issn_l":"2053-9517","issn":["2053-9517"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data &amp; Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:496914","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1177/20539517231158631>).","pdf_url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/496914/1/stevens-et-al-2023-i-started-seeing-shadows-everywhere-the-diverse-chilling-effects-of-surveillance-in-zimbabwe.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401019","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:207801","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/207801/1/stevens-et-al-2023-i-started-seeing-shadows-everywhere-the-diverse-chilling-effects-of-surveillance-in-zimbabwe.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2b31251052a0499baaa5b40a1285b86a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2b31251052a0499baaa5b40a1285b86a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Big Data & Society, Vol 10 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:qmro.qmul.ac.uk:123456789/85283","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/85283","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400530","display_name":"Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","host_organization_name":"Queen Mary University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/20539517231158631","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517231158631","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736409588","display_name":"Big Data & Society","issn_l":"2053-9517","issn":["2053-9517"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data &amp; Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Gender equality"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2584509970","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ES/M010236/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334630","funder_display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5423593362","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ES/ M010236/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334630","funder_display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7533607140","display_name":"Human Rights and Information Technology in the Era of Big Data","funder_award_id":"ES/M010236/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334630","funder_display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7649861012","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MR/T042133/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","funder_display_name":"UK Research and Innovation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","display_name":"UK Research and Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/001aqnf71"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334630","display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03n0ht308"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1594651009","https://openalex.org/W1990443349","https://openalex.org/W2016361117","https://openalex.org/W2110844407","https://openalex.org/W2155393553","https://openalex.org/W2295057131","https://openalex.org/W2326657680","https://openalex.org/W2332404338","https://openalex.org/W2416810119","https://openalex.org/W2471726986","https://openalex.org/W2526561784","https://openalex.org/W2590906116","https://openalex.org/W2617938149","https://openalex.org/W2753916963","https://openalex.org/W2883000584","https://openalex.org/W2896165557","https://openalex.org/W2921915040","https://openalex.org/W2962975506","https://openalex.org/W2968013036","https://openalex.org/W3012049801","https://openalex.org/W3034057576","https://openalex.org/W3137626308","https://openalex.org/W4253746651"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3213791844","https://openalex.org/W2381948362","https://openalex.org/W2944019212","https://openalex.org/W2944564446","https://openalex.org/W1801758040","https://openalex.org/W2789227780","https://openalex.org/W2169930026","https://openalex.org/W2905191300"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"years":[1],"have":[2],"witnessed":[3],"growing":[4],"ubiquity":[5],"and":[6,18,41,90,96,124,143,147,169,171,181,198,207,217,240,244],"potency":[7],"of":[8,23,39,88,108,119,145,178,184,211,230,237],"state":[9,89],"surveillance":[10,24,62,80,133,146,159,223],"measures":[11],"with":[12,129,235],"heightened":[13],"implications":[14,43,246],"for":[15,44,247],"human":[16,132,212],"rights":[17,42,173,213,239],"social":[19,122],"justice.":[20],"While":[21,101],"impacts":[22,191],"are":[25],"routinely":[26],"framed":[27],"through":[28],"\u2018privacy\u2019":[29],"narratives,":[30],"emphasising":[31],"\u2018chilling":[32,63],"effects\u2019":[33,64],"surfaces":[34],"a":[35,227],"more":[36,130],"complex":[37,86,117],"range":[38],"harms":[40],"those":[45],"who":[46],"are,":[47,51],"or":[48],"believe":[49],"they":[50],"subjected":[52,77],"to":[53,78,175,195,215],"surveillance.":[54],"Although":[55],"first":[56],"emphasised":[57,105],"during":[58],"the":[59,83,106,113,140,176,188,193,196,208],"McCarthy":[60],"era,":[61],"remain":[65],"under-researched,":[66],"particularly":[67],"in":[68,81,94,166,219],"Africa.":[69],"Drawing":[70],"on":[71],"rare":[72],"interview":[73],"data":[74,189],"from":[75],"participants":[76],"state-sponsored":[79],"Zimbabwe,":[82],"paper":[84,155],"reveals":[85,116,190],"assemblages":[87,118],"non-state":[91],"actors":[92],"involved":[93],"diverse":[95],"expansive":[97],"hybrid":[98],"online\u2013offline":[99,137],"monitoring.":[100],"scholarship":[102],"has":[103],"recently":[104],"importance":[107],"large-scale":[109],"digital":[110,126],"mass":[111],"surveillance,":[112],"Zimbabwean":[114],"context":[115],"\u2018big":[120],"data\u2019,":[121],"media":[123],"other":[125],"monitoring":[127],"combining":[128],"traditional":[131],"practices.":[134],"Such":[135],"inseparable":[136],"imbrications":[138],"compound":[139],"scale,":[141],"scope":[142,168],"impact":[144],"invite":[148],"analyses":[149],"as":[150],"an":[151],"integrated":[152],"ensemble.":[153],"The":[154],"evidences":[156],"how":[157],"these":[158],"activities":[160],"exert":[161,226],"chilling":[162,224],"effects":[163,225],"that":[164],"vary":[165],"form,":[167],"intensity,":[170],"implicate":[172],"essential":[174],"development":[177],"personal":[179],"identity":[180],"effective":[182],"functioning":[183],"participatory":[185],"democracy.":[186],"Moreover,":[187],"beyond":[192],"individual":[194],"vicarious":[197],"collective.":[199],"These":[200],"include":[201],"gendered":[202],"dimensions,":[203],"eroded":[204],"interpersonal":[205],"trust":[206],"depleted":[209],"ability":[210],"defenders":[214],"organise":[216],"particulate":[218],"democratic":[220,248],"processes.":[221],"Overall,":[222],"wide":[228],"spectrum":[229],"outcomes":[231],"which":[232],"consequently":[233],"interfere":[234],"enjoyment":[236],"multiple":[238],"hold":[241],"both":[242],"short-":[243],"long-term":[245],"participation.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-01T08:36:08.643496","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
