{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285294818","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517221094002","title":"Carceral algorithms and the history of control: An analysis of the Pennsylvania additive classification tool","display_name":"Carceral algorithms and the history of control: An analysis of the Pennsylvania additive classification tool","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285294818","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517221094002"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/20539517221094002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517221094002","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/20539517221094002","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736409588","display_name":"Big Data & Society","issn_l":"2053-9517","issn":["2053-9517"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data & Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/20539517221094002","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034922837","display_name":"Vanessa Massaro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3075-1273"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131221577","display_name":"Bucknell University","ror":"https://ror.org/00fc1qt65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131221577"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vanessa A. Massaro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131221577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084758457","display_name":"Swarup Dhar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6482-5816"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131221577","display_name":"Bucknell University","ror":"https://ror.org/00fc1qt65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131221577"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Swarup Dhar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131221577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068511918","display_name":"Darakhshan Mir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2089-2352"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131221577","display_name":"Bucknell University","ror":"https://ror.org/00fc1qt65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131221577"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Darakhshan Mir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131221577"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088616594","display_name":"Nathan C. Ryan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4947-586X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131221577","display_name":"Bucknell University","ror":"https://ror.org/00fc1qt65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131221577"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathan C. Ryan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131221577"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034922837"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131221577"],"apc_list":{"value":800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":800},"apc_paid":{"value":800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":800},"fwci":0.7888,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79156692,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.9498000144958496,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9361000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6375331878662109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recidivism","display_name":"Recidivism","score":0.6322644352912903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prison","display_name":"Prison","score":0.5698608160018921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-justice","display_name":"Criminal justice","score":0.5352054238319397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5139226913452148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/warrant","display_name":"Warrant","score":0.4635583162307739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imprisonment","display_name":"Imprisonment","score":0.4587784707546234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.45556238293647766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.44332975149154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminology","display_name":"Criminology","score":0.3856618404388428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.1272832453250885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6375331878662109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776090404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1420643","display_name":"Recidivism","level":2,"score":0.6322644352912903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780656516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40357","display_name":"Prison","level":2,"score":0.5698608160018921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102587632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117488","display_name":"Criminal justice","level":2,"score":0.5352054238319397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5139226913452148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776916960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637156","display_name":"Warrant","level":2,"score":0.4635583162307739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778770431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841236","display_name":"Imprisonment","level":2,"score":0.4587784707546234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.45556238293647766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44332975149154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.3856618404388428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1272832453250885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106159729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553","display_name":"Financial economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/20539517221094002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517221094002","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/20539517221094002","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736409588","display_name":"Big Data & Society","issn_l":"2053-9517","issn":["2053-9517"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data & Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cff05cb4fcc14e7f805b3fceba5ce039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cff05cb4fcc14e7f805b3fceba5ce039","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Big Data & Society, Vol 9 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/20539517221094002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517221094002","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/20539517221094002","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736409588","display_name":"Big Data & Society","issn_l":"2053-9517","issn":["2053-9517"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data & Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1242187315","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Postdoctoral Research Fellowship","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308335","funder_display_name":"American Association of University Women"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308335","display_name":"American Association of University Women","ror":"https://ror.org/05hrczs03"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285294818.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285294818.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2075042263","https://openalex.org/W2328892512","https://openalex.org/W2567289819","https://openalex.org/W2747658029","https://openalex.org/W2764072425","https://openalex.org/W2829183658","https://openalex.org/W2974094611","https://openalex.org/W2996844929","https://openalex.org/W3004155201","https://openalex.org/W3127162919","https://openalex.org/W4244328120","https://openalex.org/W4293145408"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3015649151","https://openalex.org/W2363340781","https://openalex.org/W4210715409","https://openalex.org/W2506609850","https://openalex.org/W2381584298","https://openalex.org/W2770154153","https://openalex.org/W4388797809","https://openalex.org/W2579420347","https://openalex.org/W2973119657","https://openalex.org/W2019612720"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Scholars":[0],"have":[1,59],"focused":[2,28],"on":[3,29,111,181,226],"algorithms":[4,109],"used":[5,22,36,49,110],"during":[6,23,50],"sentencing,":[7],"bail,":[8],"and":[9,89,128,137,157,168,211,230],"parole,":[10],"but":[11],"little":[12],"work":[13],"explores":[14],"what":[15],"we":[16,198],"term":[17],"\u201ccarceral":[18],"algorithms\u201d":[19],"that":[20,47,150,224],"are":[21,44,48,96],"incarceration.":[24],"This":[25],"paper":[26],"is":[27,135,152,172,201],"the":[30,60,64,68,76,102,123,133,144,196],"Pennsylvania":[31],"Additive":[32],"Classification":[33],"Tool":[34],"(PACT)":[35],"to":[37,62,120,154,195,215],"classify":[38],"prisoners\u2019":[39],"custody":[40],"levels":[41],"while":[42],"they":[43,58],"incarcerated.":[45],"Algorithms":[46],"incarceration":[51],"warrant":[52],"deeper":[53],"attention":[54],"by":[55],"scholars":[56],"because":[57],"power":[61],"enact":[63],"lived":[65],"reality":[66],"of":[67,132,143],"prisoner.":[69],"The":[70],"algorithm":[71],"in":[72,174,188],"this":[73],"case":[74],"determines":[75],"likelihood":[77],"a":[78,116],"person":[79],"would":[80],"endure":[81],"additional":[82],"disciplinary":[83],"actions,":[84],"can":[85],"complete":[86],"required":[87],"programming,":[88],"gain":[90],"experiences":[91],"that,":[92],"among":[93],"other":[94],"things,":[95],"distilled":[97],"into":[98,101],"variables":[99],"feeding":[100],"parole":[103,169],"algorithm.":[104],"Given":[105],"such":[106],"power,":[107],"examining":[108],"people":[112,187],"currently":[113],"incarcerated":[114,186],"offers":[115],"unique":[117],"analytic":[118],"view":[119],"think":[121],"about":[122],"dialectic":[124],"relationship":[125],"between":[126],"data":[127,183,228],"algorithms.":[129],"Our":[130,213],"examination":[131],"PACT":[134,148],"two-fold":[136],"complementary.":[138],"First,":[139],"our":[140],"qualitative":[141],"overview":[142],"historical":[145],"context":[146],"surrounding":[147],"reveals":[149],"it":[151,162,171,200],"designed":[153],"prioritize":[155],"incapacitation":[156],"control":[158],"over":[159],"rehabilitation.":[160],"While":[161],"closely":[163],"informs":[164],"prisoner":[165],"rehabilitation":[166],"plans":[167],"considerations,":[170],"rooted":[173],"population":[175],"management":[176],"for":[177,184],"prison":[178],"securitization.":[179],"Second,":[180],"analyzing":[182],"146,793":[185],"PA,":[189],"along":[190],"with":[191,203],"associated":[192],"metadata":[193],"related":[194],"PACT,":[197],"find":[199],"replete":[202],"racial":[204],"bias":[205],"as":[206,208],"well":[207],"errors,":[209],"omissions,":[210],"inaccuracies.":[212],"findings":[214],"date":[216],"further":[217],"caution":[218],"against":[219],"data-driven":[220],"criminal":[221],"justice":[222],"reforms":[223],"rely":[225],"pre-existing":[227],"infrastructures":[229],"expansive,":[231],"uncritical,":[232],"data-collection":[233],"routines.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}