{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3163624904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517211017308","title":"Data as asset? The measurement, governance, and valuation of digital personal data by Big Tech","display_name":"Data as asset? The measurement, governance, and valuation of digital personal data by Big Tech","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3163624904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517211017308","mag":"3163624904"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/20539517211017308","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517211017308","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/20539517211017308","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736409588","display_name":"Big Data & Society","issn_l":"2053-9517","issn":["2053-9517"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data &amp; Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/20539517211017308","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067091407","display_name":"Kean Birch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2881-4623"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kean Birch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Environmental and Urban Change, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2881-4623","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Environmental and Urban Change, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031792177","display_name":"DT Cochrane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8116-6210"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"DT Cochrane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Environmental and Urban Change, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8116-6210","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Environmental and Urban Change, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045581352","display_name":"Callum Ward","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1768-1725"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Callum Ward","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Bartlett School of Planning, University College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1768-1725","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Bartlett School of Planning, University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067091407"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"],"apc_list":{"value":800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":800},"apc_paid":{"value":800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":800},"fwci":59.7714,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":300,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99928787,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9674999713897705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12501","display_name":"Digital Economy and Work Transformation","score":0.9556000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-data","display_name":"Big data","score":0.7488937377929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.44949623942375183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.44601985812187195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-governance","display_name":"Corporate governance","score":0.44406700134277344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/valuation","display_name":"Valuation (finance)","score":0.4253273606300354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.21933621168136597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.18423041701316833}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.7488937377929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.44949623942375183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.44601985812187195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.44406700134277344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186027771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4008379","display_name":"Valuation (finance)","level":2,"score":0.4253273606300354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.21933621168136597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.18423041701316833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/20539517211017308","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517211017308","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/20539517211017308","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736409588","display_name":"Big Data & Society","issn_l":"2053-9517","issn":["2053-9517"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data &amp; Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:217437","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:uu-495192","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-495192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8ebcc3c94c584d80adfb110705be73aa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8ebcc3c94c584d80adfb110705be73aa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Big Data & Society, Vol 8 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10128597","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10128597/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"   Big Data and Society , 8  (1)     (2021)      ","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/20539517211017308","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517211017308","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/20539517211017308","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736409588","display_name":"Big Data & Society","issn_l":"2053-9517","issn":["2053-9517"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data &amp; Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5519675847","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"435-2018-1136","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334617","funder_display_name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334617","display_name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04j5jqy92"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3163624904.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2023691190","https://openalex.org/W2097163585","https://openalex.org/W2515778869","https://openalex.org/W2562793958","https://openalex.org/W2589601790","https://openalex.org/W2767408397","https://openalex.org/W2783444524","https://openalex.org/W2801313916","https://openalex.org/W2806024829","https://openalex.org/W2894884116","https://openalex.org/W2895794209","https://openalex.org/W2910917352","https://openalex.org/W2913343545","https://openalex.org/W2913812060","https://openalex.org/W2989848482","https://openalex.org/W3003331254","https://openalex.org/W3005286286","https://openalex.org/W3005594308","https://openalex.org/W3014620144","https://openalex.org/W3036960557","https://openalex.org/W3042670657","https://openalex.org/W3044713313","https://openalex.org/W3045330922","https://openalex.org/W3097271876","https://openalex.org/W3110516943","https://openalex.org/W3122148702","https://openalex.org/W3124701710","https://openalex.org/W3137626308","https://openalex.org/W3157172840","https://openalex.org/W3170371941","https://openalex.org/W4230944794","https://openalex.org/W4233158613","https://openalex.org/W4236006462","https://openalex.org/W4237617041","https://openalex.org/W4243590452","https://openalex.org/W4246018201","https://openalex.org/W4247496600","https://openalex.org/W4248739107","https://openalex.org/W4248917444"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W4390608645","https://openalex.org/W4394895745","https://openalex.org/W4247566972","https://openalex.org/W2960264696","https://openalex.org/W3090563135","https://openalex.org/W2497432351","https://openalex.org/W4206777497","https://openalex.org/W2910064364","https://openalex.org/W4200136508"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0],"personal":[1,78,85,95,151],"data":[2,21,86,96,152,182],"is":[3,97],"increasingly":[4],"framed":[5],"as":[6,159,186],"the":[7,26,49,52,82,129,168],"basis":[8],"of":[9,30,36,48,77,84,135,162],"contemporary":[10],"economies,":[11],"representing":[12],"an":[13,88],"important":[14],"new":[15],"asset":[16,89],"class.":[17],"Control":[18],"over":[19,150],"these":[20],"assets":[22,127],"seems":[23],"to":[24,92,164,177],"explain":[25],"emergence":[27],"and":[28,41,65,101,107,123,133,147,170,180,184],"dominance":[29],"so-called":[31],"\u201cBig":[32],"Tech\u201d":[33],"firms,":[34],"consisting":[35],"Apple,":[37],"Microsoft,":[38],"Amazon,":[39],"Google/Alphabet,":[40],"Facebook.":[42],"These":[43],"US-based":[44],"firms":[45,106,120,175],"are":[46],"some":[47],"largest":[50],"in":[51,90],"world":[53],"by":[54,103],"market":[55,70],"capitalization,":[56],"a":[57,160],"position":[58],"that":[59,117,172],"they":[60],"retain":[61],"despite":[62],"growing":[63],"policy":[64],"public":[66],"condemnation\u2014or":[67],"\u201ctechlash\u201d\u2014of":[68],"their":[69,74],"power":[71],"based":[72],"on":[73,167],"monopolistic":[75],"control":[76,148],"data.":[79],"We":[80,155],"analyse":[81],"transformation":[83],"into":[87,126],"order":[91],"explore":[93],"how":[94],"accounted":[98],"for,":[99],"governed,":[100],"valued":[102],"Big":[104,118,173],"Tech":[105,119,174],"other":[108],"political-economic":[109],"actors":[110],"(e.g.,":[111,138],"investors).":[112],"However,":[113],"our":[114],"findings":[115],"show":[116],"turn":[121],"\u201cusers\u201d":[122],"\u201cuser":[124],"engagement\u201d":[125],"through":[128],"performative":[130],"measurement,":[131],"governance,":[132],"valuation":[134],"user":[136,139,141,181],"metrics":[137],"numbers,":[140],"engagement),":[142],"rather":[143],"than":[144],"extending":[145],"ownership":[146],"rights":[149],"per":[153],"se.":[154],"conceptualize":[156],"this":[157],"strategy":[158],"form":[161],"\u201ctechcraft\u201d":[163],"center":[165],"attention":[166],"means":[169],"mechanisms":[171],"deploy":[176],"make":[178],"users":[179],"measurable":[183],"legible":[185],"future":[187],"revenue":[188],"streams.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":92},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":74},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-04T07:58:01.006859","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
