{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3160182997","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517211016026","title":"Lifting the curtain: Strategic visibility of human labour in AI-as-a-Service","display_name":"Lifting the curtain: Strategic visibility of human labour in AI-as-a-Service","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3160182997","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517211016026","mag":"3160182997"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/20539517211016026","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517211016026","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/20539517211016026","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736409588","display_name":"Big Data & Society","issn_l":"2053-9517","issn":["2053-9517"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data & Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/20539517211016026","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008470831","display_name":"Gemma Newlands","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0851-384X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181046868","display_name":"BI Norwegian Business School","ror":"https://ror.org/03ez40v33","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181046868"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gemma Newlands","raw_affiliation_strings":["BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0851-384X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181046868"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008470831"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181046868"],"apc_list":{"value":800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":800},"apc_paid":{"value":800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":800},"fwci":7.4098,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":62,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97167561,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vendor","display_name":"Vendor","score":0.605936586856842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visibility","display_name":"Visibility","score":0.5669766664505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.5445466637611389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5421998500823975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospitality","display_name":"Hospitality","score":0.4908817410469055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/narrative","display_name":"Narrative","score":0.47389310598373413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.44497692584991455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iron-curtain","display_name":"Iron Curtain","score":0.43020790815353394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-relations","display_name":"Public relations","score":0.4116653501987457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.40532347559928894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3101654648780823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.3068225085735321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.22300800681114197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.21096926927566528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cold-war","display_name":"Cold war","score":0.20962277054786682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tourism","display_name":"Tourism","score":0.13520687818527222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.12299367785453796}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777338717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1762621","display_name":"Vendor","level":2,"score":0.605936586856842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123403432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654068","display_name":"Visibility","level":2,"score":0.5669766664505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.5445466637611389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5421998500823975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107482638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815825","display_name":"Hospitality","level":3,"score":0.4908817410469055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.47389310598373413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.44497692584991455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776233202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124425","display_name":"Iron Curtain","level":4,"score":0.43020790815353394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.4116653501987457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.40532347559928894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3101654648780823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.3068225085735321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.22300800681114197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.21096926927566528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986359222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8683","display_name":"Cold war","level":3,"score":0.20962277054786682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18918823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49389","display_name":"Tourism","level":2,"score":0.13520687818527222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.12299367785453796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/20539517211016026","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517211016026","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/20539517211016026","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736409588","display_name":"Big Data & Society","issn_l":"2053-9517","issn":["2053-9517"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data & Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:biopen.bi.no:11250/3041035","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3041035","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"14","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0dc0bbc04f0f43cfb1f160e2e64e49cf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0dc0bbc04f0f43cfb1f160e2e64e49cf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Big Data & Society, Vol 8 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/20539517211016026","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517211016026","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/20539517211016026","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736409588","display_name":"Big Data & Society","issn_l":"2053-9517","issn":["2053-9517"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data & Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7426952716","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"275347","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","ror":"https://ror.org/00epmv149"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3160182997.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":91,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2001706069","https://openalex.org/W2007393680","https://openalex.org/W2021370805","https://openalex.org/W2021662219","https://openalex.org/W2056561350","https://openalex.org/W2087961159","https://openalex.org/W2100197079","https://openalex.org/W2106370154","https://openalex.org/W2108178810","https://openalex.org/W2118916162","https://openalex.org/W2140463603","https://openalex.org/W2147603330","https://openalex.org/W2273583750","https://openalex.org/W2326410067","https://openalex.org/W2412772143","https://openalex.org/W2463275787","https://openalex.org/W2474972129","https://openalex.org/W2571697653","https://openalex.org/W2635153012","https://openalex.org/W2740602376","https://openalex.org/W2750920029","https://openalex.org/W2755246076","https://openalex.org/W2773073966","https://openalex.org/W2786141192","https://openalex.org/W2786733821","https://openalex.org/W2789704612","https://openalex.org/W2808686972","https://openalex.org/W2888360199","https://openalex.org/W2889167909","https://openalex.org/W2895828453","https://openalex.org/W2898284838","https://openalex.org/W2899515019","https://openalex.org/W2906095734","https://openalex.org/W2907016001","https://openalex.org/W2908595344","https://openalex.org/W2913812060","https://openalex.org/W2914002162","https://openalex.org/W2916159997","https://openalex.org/W2940226795","https://openalex.org/W2948141579","https://openalex.org/W2954197146","https://openalex.org/W2957654274","https://openalex.org/W2965594527","https://openalex.org/W2971676549","https://openalex.org/W2979906316","https://openalex.org/W2981142291","https://openalex.org/W2982179199","https://openalex.org/W2991357025","https://openalex.org/W2994798424","https://openalex.org/W2997174163","https://openalex.org/W3000303345","https://openalex.org/W3000872675","https://openalex.org/W3004148092","https://openalex.org/W3006721160","https://openalex.org/W3008195096","https://openalex.org/W3010154528","https://openalex.org/W3011790948","https://openalex.org/W3015451619","https://openalex.org/W3018104257","https://openalex.org/W3026058619","https://openalex.org/W3034749153","https://openalex.org/W3036567445","https://openalex.org/W3037276488","https://openalex.org/W3037716552","https://openalex.org/W3040099229","https://openalex.org/W3080324234","https://openalex.org/W3081389081","https://openalex.org/W3087412918","https://openalex.org/W3093541323","https://openalex.org/W3094193763","https://openalex.org/W3109721394","https://openalex.org/W3115921718","https://openalex.org/W3125498346","https://openalex.org/W3127538291","https://openalex.org/W3134227409","https://openalex.org/W3134399740","https://openalex.org/W3135533597","https://openalex.org/W3135573933","https://openalex.org/W3151427199","https://openalex.org/W3172245678","https://openalex.org/W3188941149","https://openalex.org/W4239870940","https://openalex.org/W4244830796","https://openalex.org/W4245311898","https://openalex.org/W4247155454","https://openalex.org/W4250072968","https://openalex.org/W4250279772","https://openalex.org/W4252467791","https://openalex.org/W4288083800","https://openalex.org/W4298140396","https://openalex.org/W4367314869"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2606852712","https://openalex.org/W4205828460","https://openalex.org/W2042118646","https://openalex.org/W1503154096","https://openalex.org/W2392812199","https://openalex.org/W4200176076","https://openalex.org/W598185802","https://openalex.org/W2770234245","https://openalex.org/W2587542820","https://openalex.org/W2015174493"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"Intelligence-as-a-Service":[1],"(AIaaS)":[2],"empowers":[3],"individuals":[4],"and":[5,23,41,49],"organisations":[6],"to":[7,27,39,64,100,108,130,166],"access":[8],"AI":[9,43,52,87,135,143,152,170],"on-demand,":[10],"in":[11,86,112,118,160],"either":[12],"tailored":[13],"or":[14,97,122],"\u2018off-the-shelf\u2019":[15],"forms.":[16],"However,":[17],"institutional":[18],"separation":[19],"between":[20],"development,":[21],"training":[22],"deployment":[24],"can":[25],"lead":[26],"critical":[28,74],"opacities,":[29],"such":[30,116,148],"as":[31,117,149],"obscuring":[32],"the":[33,81,92,113,142,146,157],"level":[34],"of":[35,76,83,134,164],"human":[36,84,110],"effort":[37],"necessary":[38],"produce":[40],"train":[42],"services.":[44],"Information":[45],"about":[46],"how,":[47],"where,":[48],"for":[50],"whom":[51],"services":[53],"have":[54],"been":[55],"produced":[56],"are":[57,106],"valuable":[58],"secrets,":[59],"which":[60],"vendors":[61,79,105,139],"strategically":[62],"disclose":[63],"clients":[65],"depending":[66],"on":[67,90,95],"commercial":[68],"interests.":[69],"This":[70],"article":[71],"provides":[72],"a":[73,161],"analysis":[75],"how":[77],"AIaaS":[78],"manipulate":[80],"visibility":[82],"labour":[85,99,111],"production":[88],"based":[89],"whether":[91],"vendor":[93],"relies":[94],"paid":[96],"unpaid":[98],"fill":[101],"interstitial":[102],"gaps.":[103],"Where":[104],"able":[107],"occlude":[109],"organisational":[114],"\u2018backstage,\u2019":[115],"data":[119],"preparation,":[120],"validation":[121],"impersonation,":[123],"they":[124,154],"do":[125],"so":[126],"regularly,":[127],"further":[128],"contributing":[129],"ongoing":[131],"techno-utopian":[132],"narratives":[133,172],"hype.":[136],"Yet,":[137],"when":[138],"must":[140,155],"co-produce":[141],"service":[144],"with":[145],"client,":[147],"through":[150],"localised":[151],"training,":[153],"\u2018lift":[156],"curtain\u2019,":[158],"resulting":[159],"paradoxical":[162],"situation":[163],"needing":[165],"both":[167],"perpetuate":[168],"dominant":[169],"hype":[171],"while":[173],"emphasising":[174],"AI\u2019s":[175],"mundane":[176],"limitations.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-13T07:31:44.756512","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}