{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7138059259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15705838261421489","title":"An Analysis of Ontologies for the Intellectual Property Domain","display_name":"An Analysis of Ontologies for the Intellectual Property Domain","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7138059259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15705838261421489"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/15705838261421489","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15705838261421489","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S31619775","display_name":"Applied Ontology","issn_l":"1570-5838","issn":["1570-5838","1875-8533"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Ontology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037016829","display_name":"Julio Cesar Nardi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3149-7577"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282368058","display_name":"International Foundation for Electoral Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/033esc660","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282368058"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160371","display_name":"Instituto Federal do Esp\u00edrito Santo","ror":"https://ror.org/05rshs160","country_code":"BR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160371"]}],"countries":["BR","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Julio Cesar Nardi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal Institute of Esp\u00edrito Santo (IFES) \u2013 Campus Colatina"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal Institute of Esp\u00edrito Santo (IFES) \u2013 Campus Colatina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282368058","https://openalex.org/I4210160371"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027468858","display_name":"Monalessa Perini Barcellos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6225-9478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51235708","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Esp\u00edrito Santo","ror":"https://ror.org/05sxf4h28","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51235708"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Monalessa P Barcellos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ontology and Conceptual Modeling Research Group (NEMO), Computer Science Department, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo (UFES), Esp\u00edrito Santo, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ontology and Conceptual Modeling Research Group (NEMO), Computer Science Department, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo (UFES), Esp\u00edrito Santo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51235708"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129661474","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo A Almeida","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51235708","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Esp\u00edrito Santo","ror":"https://ror.org/05sxf4h28","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51235708"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo A Almeida","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ontology and Conceptual Modeling Research Group (NEMO), Computer Science Department, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo (UFES), Esp\u00edrito Santo, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ontology and Conceptual Modeling Research Group (NEMO), Computer Science Department, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo (UFES), Esp\u00edrito Santo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51235708"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037016829"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282368058","https://openalex.org/I4210160371"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91358272,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"1","first_page":"49","last_page":"77"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.5985999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.5985999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.04960000142455101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14347","display_name":"Big Data and Digital Economy","score":0.027499999850988388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-property","display_name":"Intellectual property","score":0.6863999962806702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harmonization","display_name":"Harmonization","score":0.5320000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptual-framework","display_name":"Conceptual framework","score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology","display_name":"Ontology","score":0.5044000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.45509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardization","display_name":"Standardization","score":0.454800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/idef5","display_name":"IDEF5","score":0.36399999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-representation-and-reasoning","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","score":0.3483999967575073}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7501999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34974158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131257","display_name":"Intellectual property","level":2,"score":0.6863999962806702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779962950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5659376","display_name":"Harmonization","level":2,"score":0.5320000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14224292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188","display_name":"Conceptual framework","level":2,"score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.5184999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25810664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44325","display_name":"Ontology","level":2,"score":0.5044000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.46970000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.45509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.454800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118248724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5969997","display_name":"IDEF5","level":4,"score":0.36399999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161301231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3478658","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","level":2,"score":0.3483999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778568292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7727275","display_name":"The Conceptual Framework","level":3,"score":0.33390000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.33379998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114419676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505871","display_name":"Patent visualisation","level":2,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102993220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q387196","display_name":"Description logic","level":2,"score":0.3084999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3068999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13606891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623243","display_name":"Conceptual model","level":2,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.3003000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2129575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54837","display_name":"Semantic Web","level":2,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154210476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7095057","display_name":"Ontology components","level":5,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778738651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16546687","display_name":"Novelty","level":2,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201980515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13219707","display_name":"IP address management","level":4,"score":0.25369998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182461568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7682959","display_name":"Tangible property","level":4,"score":0.25279998779296875}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/15705838261421489","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15705838261421489","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S31619775","display_name":"Applied Ontology","issn_l":"1570-5838","issn":["1570-5838","1875-8533"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Ontology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4780482351779938,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W99237137","https://openalex.org/W225255289","https://openalex.org/W1640242006","https://openalex.org/W1727274996","https://openalex.org/W1876670983","https://openalex.org/W1940888119","https://openalex.org/W1980453285","https://openalex.org/W2009470484","https://openalex.org/W2024576284","https://openalex.org/W2134409780","https://openalex.org/W2154107215","https://openalex.org/W2164480662","https://openalex.org/W2213071534","https://openalex.org/W2379043979","https://openalex.org/W2611000038","https://openalex.org/W2896685184","https://openalex.org/W2903125967","https://openalex.org/W2979023429","https://openalex.org/W2986620768","https://openalex.org/W2988604061","https://openalex.org/W3007993662","https://openalex.org/W3092273740","https://openalex.org/W3137136378","https://openalex.org/W3158057448","https://openalex.org/W3161906559","https://openalex.org/W4214849731","https://openalex.org/W4309509159","https://openalex.org/W4309776994","https://openalex.org/W4322766933","https://openalex.org/W4385198575","https://openalex.org/W4387966310","https://openalex.org/W4390118936"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Intellectual":[0],"property":[1],"(IP)":[2],"plays":[3],"a":[4,36,46,105,140,171],"crucial":[5,172],"role":[6,173],"in":[7,56,139,174],"fostering":[8],"innovation":[9],"and":[10,19,30,52,75,91,145,179],"economic":[11],"growth.":[12],"However,":[13],"the":[14,57,61,97,109,132,149,187],"complexity":[15],"of":[16,63,93,99,108,118,134,143,189],"IP":[17,58,85,100,135,168],"rights":[18],"their":[20],"legal":[21,67,125,177],"frameworks":[22,126],"across":[23],"different":[24],"jurisdictions":[25],"poses":[26],"challenges":[27],"for":[28,151],"standardization":[29],"interoperability.":[31,164,198],"Ontologies":[32],"have":[33],"emerged":[34],"as":[35],"powerful":[37],"tool":[38],"to":[39,50,195],"address":[40],"these":[41,166],"challenges.":[42],"This":[43],"study,":[44],"through":[45],"literature":[47],"review,":[48],"aims":[49],"identify":[51],"analyze":[53],"existing":[54,110],"ontologies":[55,111,122,136,155,169],"domain,":[59],"evaluating":[60],"predominance":[62],"researchers/groups,":[64],"application":[65],"contexts,":[66],"frameworks,":[68],"upper-level":[69],"ontologies,":[70],"conceptual":[71,82,160,191],"coverage,":[72],"representation":[73],"languages,":[74],"adopted":[76],"formalisms.":[77],"The":[78,182],"analysis":[79],"reveals":[80],"core":[81],"elements,":[83],"including":[84],"rights,":[86],"agents,":[87],"events,":[88],"conditions,":[89],"agreements,":[90],"works":[92],"mind,":[94],"which":[95],"define":[96],"dynamics":[98],"life":[101],"cycles.":[102],"We":[103],"identified":[104],"greater":[106],"focus":[107],"on":[112],"Copyright":[113],"when":[114],"contrasted":[115],"with":[116],"aspects":[117,158],"Industrial":[119],"Property.":[120],"More":[121],"addressed":[123],"general":[124],"rather":[127],"than":[128],"country-specific":[129],"regulations.":[130],"Additionally,":[131],"development":[133],"remains":[137],"concentrated":[138],"limited":[141],"number":[142],"countries":[144],"research":[146],"groups,":[147],"indicating":[148],"need":[150],"broader":[152],"collaboration.":[153],"Many":[154],"prioritize":[156],"implementation":[157],"over":[159],"clarity,":[161],"potentially":[162],"affecting":[163],"Despite":[165],"challenges,":[167],"play":[170],"supporting":[175],"standardization,":[176],"compliance,":[178],"data":[180],"integration.":[181],"findings":[183],"emphasize,":[184],"among":[185],"others,":[186],"importance":[188],"refining":[190],"models,":[192],"promoting":[193],"harmonization":[194],"enhance":[196],"semantic":[197]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T20:47:17.329874","created_date":"2026-03-18T00:00:00"}
