{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2165514690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412009343574","title":"Virtual Worlds","display_name":"Virtual Worlds","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-08-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2165514690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412009343574","mag":"2165514690"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1555412009343574","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412009343574","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186921036","display_name":"Games and Culture","issn_l":"1555-4120","issn":["1555-4120","1555-4139"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Games and Culture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034655852","display_name":"Edward Castronova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7517-5604"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Edward Castronova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telecommunications, Indiana University,\rBloomington, Indiana,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunications, Indiana University,\rBloomington, Indiana,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072606558","display_name":"Matthew Falk","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Falk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telecommunications, Indiana University,\rBloomington, Indiana","Department of Telecommunications, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunications, Indiana University,\rBloomington, Indiana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunications, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034655852"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.3408,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9771645,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"4","first_page":"396","last_page":"407"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11252","display_name":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","score":0.9733999967575073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11252","display_name":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","score":0.9733999967575073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaverse","display_name":"Metaverse","score":0.8955485820770264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6317014694213867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-worlds","display_name":"Social worlds","score":0.6070318222045898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-world","display_name":"Virtual world","score":0.5304785370826721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.48459088802337646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.4677586257457733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-machine","display_name":"Virtual machine","score":0.45482730865478516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/possible-world","display_name":"Possible world","score":0.4391386806964874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.4044725298881531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.3988819718360901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.37228700518608093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.35864585638046265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3387909531593323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.22875475883483887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.11852702498435974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-science","display_name":"Social science","score":0.11548453569412231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.08857959508895874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53332860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2632041","display_name":"Metaverse","level":3,"score":0.8955485820770264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6317014694213867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985059025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4430254","display_name":"Social worlds","level":2,"score":0.6070318222045898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019565508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q444835","display_name":"Virtual world","level":2,"score":0.5304785370826721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.48459088802337646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.4677586257457733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.45482730865478516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136172866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1088088","display_name":"Possible world","level":2,"score":0.4391386806964874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.4044725298881531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3988819718360901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.37228700518608093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.35864585638046265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3387909531593323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.22875475883483887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.11852702498435974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.11548453569412231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.08857959508895874}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1555412009343574","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412009343574","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186921036","display_name":"Games and Culture","issn_l":"1555-4120","issn":["1555-4120","1555-4139"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Games and Culture","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W589481273","https://openalex.org/W1509373589","https://openalex.org/W1552853330","https://openalex.org/W1565312857","https://openalex.org/W1567865852","https://openalex.org/W1626837244","https://openalex.org/W1965422269","https://openalex.org/W2157953238","https://openalex.org/W2170548725","https://openalex.org/W3123606403","https://openalex.org/W4234944273","https://openalex.org/W4238550973","https://openalex.org/W4298153295"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2248423326","https://openalex.org/W2318811661","https://openalex.org/W4294293014","https://openalex.org/W4385541443","https://openalex.org/W2049219624","https://openalex.org/W2062704187","https://openalex.org/W1518785883","https://openalex.org/W2490942410","https://openalex.org/W4283396108","https://openalex.org/W4210813353"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"argues":[2],"for":[3,10,93,112],"using":[4],"virtual":[5,47,124,151],"worlds":[6,48,125],"as":[7,32],"experimental":[8,135],"environments":[9,91],"social":[11],"science":[12],"questions":[13,96,116],"at":[14],"the":[15,52,80,95,97],"macro":[16],"level.":[17],"The":[18,43,63,120,137],"authors":[19,98,121],"can":[20],"foresee":[21],"two":[22],"major":[23],"objections":[24,68],"to":[25,33,40,76],"this":[26],"approach":[27],"and":[28,147],"will":[29],"address":[30],"them":[31],"show":[34],"why":[35],"they":[36],"do":[37],"not":[38,50],"prove":[39],"be":[41,77,150],"significant.":[42],"first":[44],"being":[45],"that":[46,70,82,123],"are":[49,126],"like":[51],"real":[53],"world;":[54],"therefore,":[55],"one":[56],"cannot":[57],"generalize":[58],"from":[59],"events":[60],"within":[61],"them.":[62],"second":[64],"of":[65,117],"these":[66],"foreseeable":[67],"states":[69],"human":[71],"society":[72],"is":[73,103,110],"too":[74],"complex":[75],"controlled":[78,83],"in":[79,140],"way":[81],"experimentation":[84],"requires.":[85],"Humans":[86],"discover":[87],"things":[88],"by":[89],"building":[90],"suited":[92],"exploring":[94,113],"have":[99],"a":[100,104],"rat":[101,145],"maze":[102],"very":[105,114],"abstract":[106],"environment,":[107],"yet":[108],"it":[109],"useful":[111],"general":[115],"mammalian":[118],"cognition.":[119],"conclude":[122],"no":[127],"less":[128],"valuable,":[129],"on":[130],"net,":[131],"than":[132],"other":[133],"established":[134],"tools.":[136],"next":[138],"stage":[139],"toolmaking,":[141],"after":[142],"Petri":[143],"dishes,":[144],"mazes,":[146],"supercolliders,":[148],"should":[149],"worlds.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}