{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2977078341","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1550147719879384","title":"An energy-efficient unequal clustering routing protocol for wireless sensor networks","display_name":"An energy-efficient unequal clustering routing protocol for wireless sensor networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2977078341","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1550147719879384","mag":"2977078341"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1550147719879384","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1550147719879384","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1550147719879384","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S64417657","display_name":"International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks","issn_l":"1550-1329","issn":["1550-1329","1550-1477"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1550147719879384","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042675028","display_name":"Fang Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4254-819X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fang Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001659885","display_name":"Junfang Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6512-6585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junfang Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province, School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China","School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province, School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042675028"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"],"apc_list":{"value":2200,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2200},"apc_paid":{"value":2200,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2200},"fwci":4.6344,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95319584,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"9","first_page":"155014771987938","last_page":"155014771987938"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10246","display_name":"Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8703346848487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.7512211799621582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.7015914916992188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6425063014030457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.6301047205924988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.5627139806747437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5519468784332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5037626624107361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.5036541819572449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.45288610458374023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4383585453033447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.42766258120536804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-routing-protocol","display_name":"Wireless Routing Protocol","score":0.42737478017807007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","score":0.41944730281829834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.3565177917480469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.07885012030601501}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8703346848487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.7512211799621582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.7015914916992188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6425063014030457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.6301047205924988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.5627139806747437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5519468784332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5037626624107361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.5036541819572449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.45288610458374023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4383585453033447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.42766258120536804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47318570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8026863","display_name":"Wireless Routing Protocol","level":4,"score":0.42737478017807007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.41944730281829834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.3565177917480469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07885012030601501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1550147719879384","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1550147719879384","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1550147719879384","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S64417657","display_name":"International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks","issn_l":"1550-1329","issn":["1550-1329","1550-1477"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:sae:intdis:v:15:y:2019:i:9:p:1550147719879384","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1550147719879384","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:14b7e59e7c7642578caf8f52a10d9f65","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/14b7e59e7c7642578caf8f52a10d9f65","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, Vol 15 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1550147719879384","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1550147719879384","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1550147719879384","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S64417657","display_name":"International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks","issn_l":"1550-1329","issn":["1550-1329","1550-1477"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8613451483","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N172304027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2977078341.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2977078341.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2104846640","https://openalex.org/W2155492251","https://openalex.org/W2259372711","https://openalex.org/W2329979235","https://openalex.org/W2604980468","https://openalex.org/W2749787081","https://openalex.org/W2900965959","https://openalex.org/W2904724355","https://openalex.org/W4238228080"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2011277702","https://openalex.org/W2546592407","https://openalex.org/W4233083428","https://openalex.org/W1593279778","https://openalex.org/W1888834805","https://openalex.org/W2172109346","https://openalex.org/W2544170366","https://openalex.org/W1680412704","https://openalex.org/W2035482066","https://openalex.org/W3093717461"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wireless":[0],"sensor":[1,26],"networks":[2],"have":[3],"drawn":[4],"tremendous":[5],"attentions":[6],"from":[7],"all":[8],"fields":[9],"because":[10],"of":[11,20,57,94,133],"their":[12],"wide":[13],"application.":[14],"Maximizing":[15],"network":[16,134],"lifetime":[17],"is":[18,87],"one":[19],"the":[21,42,54,61,67,92,99,107,129],"main":[22],"problems":[23],"in":[24,60,131],"wireless":[25],"networks.":[27],"This":[28],"article":[29],"proposes":[30,47],"an":[31],"energy-efficient":[32],"routing":[33],"protocol":[34,109,125],"which":[35,89],"adopts":[36],"unequal":[37],"clustering":[38],"technology":[39],"to":[40,52,65],"solve":[41],"hot":[43],"spots":[44],"problem":[45],"and":[46,73,85,98,113,141],"double":[48],"cluster":[49,71,74,78],"head":[50,58,79],"strategy":[51,81],"reduce":[53],"energy":[55,68,100,136,138],"consumption":[56,69,101],"nodes":[59],"clusters.":[62],"In":[63],"addition,":[64],"balance":[66],"between":[70],"heads":[72],"members,":[75],"a":[76],"hybrid":[77],"rotation":[80,95],"based":[82],"on":[83],"time-driven":[84],"energy-driven":[86],"proposed,":[88],"can":[90,126],"make":[91],"timing":[93],"more":[96,102],"reasonable":[97],"efficient.":[103],"Finally,":[104],"we":[105],"compare":[106],"proposed":[108,124],"with":[110],"LEACH,":[111],"DEBUC,":[112],"UCNPD":[114],"by":[115],"simulation":[116,119],"experiments.":[117],"The":[118],"results":[120],"prove":[121],"that":[122],"our":[123],"effectively":[127],"improve":[128],"performance":[130],"terms":[132],"lifetime,":[135],"consumption,":[137],"balance,":[139],"stability,":[140],"throughput.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}