{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2964461548","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1550147719867072","title":"Deep learning in the fog","display_name":"Deep learning in the fog","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2964461548","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1550147719867072","mag":"2964461548"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1550147719867072","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1550147719867072","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1550147719867072","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S64417657","display_name":"International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks","issn_l":"1550-1329","issn":["1550-1329","1550-1477"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1550147719867072","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034364390","display_name":"Andrzej Sobecki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5879-032X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169333911","display_name":"Gda\u0144sk University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/006x4sc24","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrzej Sobecki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, Gda\u0144sk, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, Gda\u0144sk, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090237397","display_name":"Julian Szyma\u0144ski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5029-6768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169333911","display_name":"Gda\u0144sk University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/006x4sc24","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Julian Szyma\u0144ski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, Gda\u0144sk, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5029-6768","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, Gda\u0144sk, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048849655","display_name":"David Gil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0791-8298"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130194489","display_name":"University of Alicante","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8bcz72","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130194489"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Gil","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130194489"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085506967","display_name":"Higinio Mora","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8591-0710"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130194489","display_name":"University of Alicante","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8bcz72","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130194489"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Higinio Mora","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130194489"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090237397"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"],"apc_list":{"value":2200,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2200},"apc_paid":{"value":2200,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2200},"fwci":1.9548,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87578188,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"8","first_page":"155014771986707","last_page":"155014771986707"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8916493058204651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.6644335985183716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.607801616191864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5561375617980957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.49037837982177734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4438442885875702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42791983485221863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.41718733310699463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-processing","display_name":"Data processing","score":0.41331803798675537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3856799006462097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3366766571998596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3245278000831604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2535630762577057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.14882811903953552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.13857775926589966}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8916493058204651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6644335985183716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.607801616191864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5561375617980957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.49037837982177734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4438442885875702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42791983485221863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.41718733310699463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138827492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6661985","display_name":"Data processing","level":2,"score":0.41331803798675537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3856799006462097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3366766571998596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3245278000831604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2535630762577057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.14882811903953552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.13857775926589966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1550147719867072","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1550147719867072","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1550147719867072","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S64417657","display_name":"International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks","issn_l":"1550-1329","issn":["1550-1329","1550-1477"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:sae:intdis:v:15:y:2019:i:8:p:1550147719867072","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1550147719867072","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dnet:ruarepositor::8babf7d0d7c5e6df2f7a18956ba28ce1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10045/95402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402641","display_name":"LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Cient\u00edficas)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4383465926","host_organization_name":"LA Referencia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4383465926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7b71e18a781947dd95a4df6d408ed590","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7b71e18a781947dd95a4df6d408ed590","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, Vol 15 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1550147719867072","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1550147719867072","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1550147719867072","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S64417657","display_name":"International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks","issn_l":"1550-1329","issn":["1550-1329","1550-1477"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2964461548.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1019830208","https://openalex.org/W2025241138","https://openalex.org/W2037026906","https://openalex.org/W2062017159","https://openalex.org/W2105103777","https://openalex.org/W2145094598","https://openalex.org/W2145321034","https://openalex.org/W2291859485","https://openalex.org/W2470368200","https://openalex.org/W2515943586","https://openalex.org/W2542192499","https://openalex.org/W2559968629","https://openalex.org/W2560705922","https://openalex.org/W2578907517","https://openalex.org/W2582998992","https://openalex.org/W2583993537","https://openalex.org/W2591878254","https://openalex.org/W2599509984","https://openalex.org/W2604086375","https://openalex.org/W2611350544","https://openalex.org/W2783089003","https://openalex.org/W2785696180","https://openalex.org/W2901218091","https://openalex.org/W2909111055","https://openalex.org/W2911544464","https://openalex.org/W2964248614","https://openalex.org/W3100944043","https://openalex.org/W4234552385","https://openalex.org/W4248710273"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4244478748","https://openalex.org/W4223488648","https://openalex.org/W2134969820","https://openalex.org/W2251605416","https://openalex.org/W4389340727","https://openalex.org/W4205786897","https://openalex.org/W3150465815","https://openalex.org/W1997222214","https://openalex.org/W2802581102","https://openalex.org/W2070395303"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,125],"the":[1,41,69,72,118,141,156,164,176,191],"era":[2],"of":[3,7,27,36,45,52,109,143,150,168,178,194],"a":[4,49,102,106],"ubiquitous":[5],"Internet":[6,44,92,149,193],"Things":[8,46,151,195],"and":[9,20,30,84,87,116,138,166,173,182],"fast":[10],"artificial":[11,114,169],"intelligence":[12,115,170],"advance,":[13],"especially":[14,59],"thanks":[15],"to":[16,40,55],"deep":[17],"learning":[18],"networks":[19],"hardware":[21],"acceleration,":[22],"we":[23,81,89,128,162],"face":[24],"rapid":[25],"growth":[26],"highly":[28],"decentralized":[29],"intelligent":[31,123,148],"solutions":[32,152],"that":[33,54,112,184],"offer":[34],"functionality":[35],"data":[37,53,70,157],"processing":[38],"closer":[39],"end":[42],"user.":[43],"usually":[47],"produces":[48],"huge":[50],"amount":[51],"be":[56,76],"effectively":[57],"analyzed,":[58],"with":[60],"neural":[61],"networks,":[62],"demands":[63],"high":[64],"computing":[65,111,172],"capabilities.":[66],"Processing":[67],"all":[68,187],"in":[71,78,175],"cloud":[73],"may":[74],"not":[75],"sufficient":[77],"cases":[79],"when":[80,88],"need":[82],"privacy":[83],"low":[85],"latency,":[86],"have":[90],"limited":[91],"bandwidth,":[93],"or":[94],"it":[95],"is":[96],"simply":[97],"too":[98],"expensive.":[99],"It":[100],"poses":[101],"challenge":[103],"for":[104,121,146],"creating":[105],"new":[107],"generation":[108],"fog":[110,171],"supports":[113],"selects":[117],"architecture":[119,181],"appropriate":[120],"an":[122],"solution.":[124],"this":[126],"article,":[127],"show":[129],"from":[130],"four":[131],"perspectives,":[132],"namely,":[133],"hardware,":[134],"software":[135],"libraries,":[136],"platforms,":[137],"current":[139],"applications,":[140],"landscape":[142],"components":[144,183],"used":[145],"developing":[147],"located":[153],"near":[154],"where":[155],"are":[158],"generated.":[159],"This":[160],"way,":[161],"pinpoint":[163],"odds":[165],"risks":[167],"help":[174],"process":[177],"selecting":[179],"suitable":[180],"will":[185],"satisfy":[186],"requirements":[188],"defined":[189],"by":[190],"complex":[192],"systems.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
