{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2907531321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473871618821740","title":"Force-directed algorithms for schematic drawings and placement: A survey","display_name":"Force-directed algorithms for schematic drawings and placement: A survey","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2907531321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473871618821740","mag":"2907531321"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1473871618821740","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473871618821740","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S55152591","display_name":"Information Visualization","issn_l":"1473-8716","issn":["1473-8716","1473-8724"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information Visualization","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031869672","display_name":"Se-Hang Cheong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3459-1385"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Se-Hang Cheong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022730826","display_name":"Yain\u2010Whar Si","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8468-6182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yain-Whar Si","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022730826"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3311,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86921661,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":"65","last_page":"91"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schematic","display_name":"Schematic","score":0.8867607116699219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7884780764579773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-drawing","display_name":"Graph drawing","score":0.7618249654769897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-layout","display_name":"Graph Layout","score":0.7101226449012756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.6680172681808472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5825248956680298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directed-graph","display_name":"Directed graph","score":0.5236420631408691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.4848419427871704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3447626829147339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19203561544418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.12454560399055481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09295809268951416}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192328126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4514647","display_name":"Schematic","level":2,"score":0.8867607116699219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7884780764579773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112953755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739462","display_name":"Graph drawing","level":3,"score":0.7618249654769897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2911174283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739462","display_name":"Graph Layout","level":4,"score":0.7101226449012756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.6680172681808472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5825248956680298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146380142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137726","display_name":"Directed graph","level":2,"score":0.5236420631408691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.4848419427871704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3447626829147339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19203561544418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.12454560399055481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09295809268951416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1473871618821740","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473871618821740","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S55152591","display_name":"Information Visualization","issn_l":"1473-8716","issn":["1473-8716","1473-8724"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information Visualization","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7499834241","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MYRG2017-00029-FST","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322841","funder_display_name":"Universidade de Macau"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322841","display_name":"Universidade de Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":127,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W26091405","https://openalex.org/W42274071","https://openalex.org/W168830697","https://openalex.org/W634834491","https://openalex.org/W1492720468","https://openalex.org/W1501345707","https://openalex.org/W1503604051","https://openalex.org/W1509342228","https://openalex.org/W1518817129","https://openalex.org/W1532536728","https://openalex.org/W1545338793","https://openalex.org/W1582825607","https://openalex.org/W1589293010","https://openalex.org/W1593121331","https://openalex.org/W1805238228","https://openalex.org/W1815302832","https://openalex.org/W1822326929","https://openalex.org/W1827528576","https://openalex.org/W1864522878","https://openalex.org/W1912645081","https://openalex.org/W1968362790","https://openalex.org/W1970282908","https://openalex.org/W1975370820","https://openalex.org/W1984222112","https://openalex.org/W1984954427","https://openalex.org/W1986026297","https://openalex.org/W1988265510","https://openalex.org/W1992709202","https://openalex.org/W1993436046","https://openalex.org/W1998135728","https://openalex.org/W2000856020","https://openalex.org/W2001458422","https://openalex.org/W2007505469","https://openalex.org/W2019912818","https://openalex.org/W2021053884","https://openalex.org/W2024060531","https://openalex.org/W2024672209","https://openalex.org/W2026729066","https://openalex.org/W2028695285","https://openalex.org/W2029706109","https://openalex.org/W2033948133","https://openalex.org/W2035723541","https://openalex.org/W2041783407","https://openalex.org/W2042882340","https://openalex.org/W2043649979","https://openalex.org/W2056760934","https://openalex.org/W2057441844","https://openalex.org/W2066495677","https://openalex.org/W2072702969","https://openalex.org/W2075220720","https://openalex.org/W2079998407","https://openalex.org/W2081612620","https://openalex.org/W2082388593","https://openalex.org/W2083707190","https://openalex.org/W2085374061","https://openalex.org/W2093842169","https://openalex.org/W2096826541","https://openalex.org/W2097189804","https://openalex.org/W2098705911","https://openalex.org/W2099108222","https://openalex.org/W2102664288","https://openalex.org/W2103342342","https://openalex.org/W2105742976","https://openalex.org/W2105769812","https://openalex.org/W2115512913","https://openalex.org/W2116518941","https://openalex.org/W2116864243","https://openalex.org/W2120129706","https://openalex.org/W2121176055","https://openalex.org/W2130403046","https://openalex.org/W2130765618","https://openalex.org/W2132668926","https://openalex.org/W2132964407","https://openalex.org/W2134312057","https://openalex.org/W2134697945","https://openalex.org/W2135992360","https://openalex.org/W2140947746","https://openalex.org/W2144069000","https://openalex.org/W2146232231","https://openalex.org/W2147317258","https://openalex.org/W2148419405","https://openalex.org/W2156302461","https://openalex.org/W2158513523","https://openalex.org/W2163961680","https://openalex.org/W2164470020","https://openalex.org/W2165844321","https://openalex.org/W2166394501","https://openalex.org/W2167190617","https://openalex.org/W2167482691","https://openalex.org/W2170540108","https://openalex.org/W2171602025","https://openalex.org/W2174122065","https://openalex.org/W2278564981","https://openalex.org/W2315033109","https://openalex.org/W2322411027","https://openalex.org/W2409566124","https://openalex.org/W2525274047","https://openalex.org/W2557121143","https://openalex.org/W2591678876","https://openalex.org/W2912966197","https://openalex.org/W2914931491","https://openalex.org/W2916643950","https://openalex.org/W2916843897","https://openalex.org/W2917913056","https://openalex.org/W3108335180","https://openalex.org/W3140858947","https://openalex.org/W3141164029","https://openalex.org/W3148722492","https://openalex.org/W3151647019","https://openalex.org/W3207401209","https://openalex.org/W4206495260","https://openalex.org/W4206557440","https://openalex.org/W4229487452","https://openalex.org/W4232693921","https://openalex.org/W4235603350","https://openalex.org/W4236549576","https://openalex.org/W4237162597","https://openalex.org/W4238091974","https://openalex.org/W4238153818","https://openalex.org/W4241926283","https://openalex.org/W4242911069","https://openalex.org/W4245994158","https://openalex.org/W4246880554","https://openalex.org/W4247942503","https://openalex.org/W4250889744","https://openalex.org/W4251543090","https://openalex.org/W4252855714"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2130754836","https://openalex.org/W2346931493","https://openalex.org/W2031908202","https://openalex.org/W2766563406","https://openalex.org/W3160329999","https://openalex.org/W2026729066","https://openalex.org/W2010800245","https://openalex.org/W2119031886","https://openalex.org/W4256036414","https://openalex.org/W2126003552"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Force-directed":[0],"algorithms":[1,45,57,65,88,117],"have":[2,118],"been":[3,119],"developed":[4],"over":[5],"the":[6,53],"last":[7],"50":[8],"years":[9],"and":[10,27,38,49,60,80,95,103,124,138,155,159],"used":[11],"in":[12,46,114,140],"many":[13],"application":[14,112],"fields,":[15],"including":[16],"information":[17,149],"visualisation,":[18,21,150],"biological":[19,152],"network":[20,153],"sensor":[22,162],"networks,":[23,134],"routing":[24],"algorithms,":[25],"scheduling,":[26],"graph":[28],"drawing.":[29],"Our":[30],"survey":[31],"provides":[32],"a":[33,39],"comprehensive":[34],"summary":[35],"of":[36,55,111,143],"developments":[37],"full":[40],"roadmap":[41],"for":[42,121,132,161],"state-of-the-art":[43],"force-directed":[44,56,64,87,101,107,116],"schematic":[47,122],"drawings":[48,123,131],"placement.":[50],"We":[51],"classified":[52,68,90],"model":[54],"into":[58],"classical":[59,63],"hybrid.":[61],"The":[62,85],"are":[66,89,126],"further":[67],"as":[69,91],"follows:":[70,92],"(a)":[71,93,129],"accumulated":[72],"force":[73],"models,":[74,98],"(b)":[75,99,135],"energy":[76],"function":[77],"minimisation":[78],"models":[79,102],"(c)":[81,104,148],"combinatorial":[82],"optimisation":[83],"models.":[84],"hybrid":[86],"parallel":[94],"hardware":[96],"accelerated":[97],"multilevel":[100],"multidimensional":[105],"scaling":[106],"algorithms.":[108],"Five":[109],"categories":[110],"domains":[113],"which":[115],"adopted":[120],"placement":[125,137,158],"also":[127],"summarised:":[128],"aesthetic":[130],"general":[133],"component":[136],"scheduling":[139],"high-level":[141],"synthesis":[142],"very-large-scale":[144],"integration":[145],"circuits":[146],"design,":[147],"(d)":[151],"visualisation":[154],"(e)":[156],"node":[157],"localisation":[160],"networks.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}