{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406346719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448241312191","title":"Covert political campaigning: Mapping the scope, scale, and cost of cross-platform election influence operations","display_name":"Covert political campaigning: Mapping the scope, scale, and cost of cross-platform election influence operations","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406346719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448241312191"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/14614448241312191","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448241312191","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88603889","display_name":"New Media & Society","issn_l":"1461-4448","issn":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New Media &amp; Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071885079","display_name":"Fatima Gaw","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6577-7940"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fatima Gaw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6577-7940","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071102460","display_name":"Jon Benedik Bunquin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5464-8748"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181233156","display_name":"University of Oregon","ror":"https://ror.org/0293rh119","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181233156"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87074743","display_name":"University of the Philippines Diliman","ror":"https://ror.org/03tbh6y23","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103911934","https://openalex.org/I87074743"]}],"countries":["PH","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jon Benedik A Bunquin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oregon, USA; University of the Philippines Diliman, Philippines","University of the Philippines Diliman, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5464-8748","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oregon, USA; University of the Philippines Diliman, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87074743","https://openalex.org/I181233156"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Philippines Diliman, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87074743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054245339","display_name":"Jose Mari Hall Lanuza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8910-0643"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5791819","display_name":"University of the Philippines Manila","ror":"https://ror.org/01rrczv41","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103911934","https://openalex.org/I5791819"]}],"countries":["PH","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose Mari H Lanuza","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA; University of the Philippines Manila, Philippines","University of the Philippines Manila, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8910-0643","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA; University of the Philippines Manila, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5791819","https://openalex.org/I24603500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Philippines Manila, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5791819"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008567136","display_name":"Samuel I. Cabbuag","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6303-2884"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141568987","display_name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","ror":"https://ror.org/0145fw131","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87074743","display_name":"University of the Philippines Diliman","ror":"https://ror.org/03tbh6y23","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103911934","https://openalex.org/I87074743"]}],"countries":["HK","PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel I Cabbuag","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong; University of the Philippines Diliman, Philippines","University of the Philippines Diliman, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6303-2884","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong; University of the Philippines Diliman, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87074743","https://openalex.org/I141568987"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Philippines Diliman, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87074743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061529196","display_name":"Noreen Sapalo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2087-1394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87074743","display_name":"University of the Philippines Diliman","ror":"https://ror.org/03tbh6y23","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103911934","https://openalex.org/I87074743"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noreen H Sapalo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Philippines Diliman, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2087-1394","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Philippines Diliman, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87074743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074007794","display_name":"Al\u2010Habbyel Yusoph","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5220-1037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71209653","display_name":"Bocconi University","ror":"https://ror.org/05crjpb27","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71209653"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Al-Habbyel Yusoph","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bocconi University, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5220-1037","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bocconi University, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71209653"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071885079"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.1051,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92613419,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"4","first_page":"1686","last_page":"1709"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10133","display_name":"Media Studies and Communication","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.8390125036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.7258318066596985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.6846067309379578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.63592928647995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.46723729372024536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41407376527786255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.39897024631500244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-relations","display_name":"Public relations","score":0.36698246002197266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.16416454315185547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.11552149057388306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.06786322593688965}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.8390125036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.7258318066596985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.6846067309379578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.63592928647995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.46723729372024536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41407376527786255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.39897024631500244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.36698246002197266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.16416454315185547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.11552149057388306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.06786322593688965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/14614448241312191","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448241312191","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88603889","display_name":"New Media & Society","issn_l":"1461-4448","issn":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New Media &amp; Society","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5600000023841858}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1505227029","https://openalex.org/W2272619614","https://openalex.org/W2498587449","https://openalex.org/W2811295031","https://openalex.org/W2905387126","https://openalex.org/W2964510282","https://openalex.org/W2971881481","https://openalex.org/W2981173789","https://openalex.org/W3004825831","https://openalex.org/W3034460697","https://openalex.org/W3045761071","https://openalex.org/W3097348567","https://openalex.org/W3154607550","https://openalex.org/W3157135018","https://openalex.org/W3186550411","https://openalex.org/W4210428874","https://openalex.org/W4212931339","https://openalex.org/W4220895351","https://openalex.org/W4221002925","https://openalex.org/W4226382985","https://openalex.org/W4231493085","https://openalex.org/W4235087721","https://openalex.org/W4252411882","https://openalex.org/W4286809633","https://openalex.org/W4317772760","https://openalex.org/W4379797189","https://openalex.org/W4379800317","https://openalex.org/W4391053997","https://openalex.org/W4402599870"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2523525694","https://openalex.org/W2998642566","https://openalex.org/W2392682561","https://openalex.org/W57793151","https://openalex.org/W2804882289","https://openalex.org/W2727423897","https://openalex.org/W2497612952","https://openalex.org/W4241523039","https://openalex.org/W4247948804","https://openalex.org/W4210390481"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,122],"study":[1],"investigates":[2],"gray":[3],"areas":[4],"of":[5,32,99],"contemporary":[6],"political":[7,11,89],"campaigning":[8,90],"from":[9,107],"a":[10,54,111,119,126,137],"economy":[12],"perspective.":[13],"Using":[14],"qualitative":[15],"field":[16],"and":[17,22,30,46,66,71,91,132],"digital":[18],"methods,":[19,21],"computational":[20],"economic":[23],"modeling,":[24],"it":[25],"analyzes":[26],"the":[27,38,80],"scope,":[28],"scale,":[29],"cost":[31,98],"commissioning":[33],"social":[34,82],"media":[35,83],"influencers":[36,58],"in":[37,87,144],"2022":[39],"Philippine":[40],"Elections":[41],"across":[42,79],"Facebook,":[43],"Twitter,":[44],"YouTube,":[45],"TikTok.":[47],"The":[48,97],"researchers":[49],"find":[50],"that":[51,85,140],"there":[52],"is":[53,103],"high":[55],"demand":[56],"for":[57,61,128],"to":[59,105,115],"campaign":[60],"candidates,":[62],"characterized":[63],"by":[64,135],"premium":[65],"dynamic":[67],"incentives":[68],"under":[69],"informal":[70],"obscure":[72],"arrangements.":[73],"We":[74],"identified":[75],"1425":[76],"influencer":[77],"accounts":[78],"four":[81],"platforms":[84],"engage":[86],"covert":[88],"categorized":[92],"them":[93],"into":[94],"seven":[95],"types.":[96],"these":[100],"influencer-led":[101],"campaigns":[102],"estimated":[104],"range":[106],"USD":[108,116],"27M":[109],"following":[110],"pay-per-post":[112],"compensation":[113],"model,":[114],"10.9M":[117],"using":[118],"retainer":[120],"model.":[121],"article":[123],"serves":[124],"as":[125],"model":[127],"both":[129],"election":[130,133],"research":[131],"policy":[134],"providing":[136],"modular":[138],"framework":[139],"addresses":[141],"knowledge":[142],"gaps":[143],"various":[145],"country":[146],"contexts.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-30T13:55:48.251075","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
