{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2893790011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818799526","title":"Fake images: The effects of source, intermediary, and digital media literacy on contextual assessment of image credibility online","display_name":"Fake images: The effects of source, intermediary, and digital media literacy on contextual assessment of image credibility online","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-09-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2893790011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818799526","mag":"2893790011"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1461444818799526","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818799526","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1461444818799526","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88603889","display_name":"New Media & Society","issn_l":"1461-4448","issn":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New Media & Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1461444818799526","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043908500","display_name":"Cuihua Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1645-8211"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cuihua Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Davis, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1645-8211","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Davis, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020869708","display_name":"Mona Kasra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0228-5404"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mona Kasra","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073317997","display_name":"Wenjing Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4174-3305"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjing Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076319902","display_name":"Grace A Bassett","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Grace A Bassett","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070134774","display_name":"Yining Z. Malloch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9055-109X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yining Malloch","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Davis, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Davis, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001740205","display_name":"James F. O\u2019Brien","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9513-0542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James F O\u2019Brien","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043908500"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":44.5493,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":186,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99820196,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"2","first_page":"438","last_page":"463"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credibility","display_name":"Credibility","score":0.9261248707771301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-credibility","display_name":"Source credibility","score":0.7584171295166016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.6780983805656433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5420928001403809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5115214586257935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.5095263123512268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trustworthiness","display_name":"Trustworthiness","score":0.48471546173095703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-media","display_name":"Digital media","score":0.4520443081855774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4464859962463379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/media-literacy","display_name":"Media literacy","score":0.4307023882865906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-literacy","display_name":"Digital literacy","score":0.41916215419769287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-psychology","display_name":"Applied psychology","score":0.32680854201316833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2703015208244324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.1363219916820526}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780224610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530061","display_name":"Credibility","level":2,"score":0.9261248707771301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776620684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7565144","display_name":"Source credibility","level":3,"score":0.7584171295166016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.6780983805656433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5420928001403809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5115214586257935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.5095263123512268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.48471546173095703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17632256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076968","display_name":"Digital media","level":2,"score":0.4520443081855774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4464859962463379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97628146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1507246","display_name":"Media literacy","level":2,"score":0.4307023882865906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777646416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242069","display_name":"Digital literacy","level":2,"score":0.41916215419769287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.32680854201316833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2703015208244324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1363219916820526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1461444818799526","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818799526","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1461444818799526","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88603889","display_name":"New Media & Society","issn_l":"1461-4448","issn":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New Media & Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9rm0q3nc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9rm0q3nc","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt9rm0q3nc/qt9rm0q3nc.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"New Media & Society, vol 21, iss 2","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:47c2d75d-423c-454f-a185-507370236d46","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/ajdvx","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401127","display_name":"OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Project"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1461444818799526","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818799526","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1461444818799526","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88603889","display_name":"New Media & Society","issn_l":"1461-4448","issn":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New Media & Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1303070616","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1444861","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337389","funder_display_name":"Division of Information and Intelligent Systems"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337389","display_name":"Division of Information and Intelligent Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/053a2cp42"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2893790011.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W578597219","https://openalex.org/W1507962663","https://openalex.org/W1600718981","https://openalex.org/W1796766288","https://openalex.org/W1877906231","https://openalex.org/W1964465225","https://openalex.org/W1971070829","https://openalex.org/W1971810609","https://openalex.org/W1971842139","https://openalex.org/W1981475687","https://openalex.org/W2006620598","https://openalex.org/W2014144187","https://openalex.org/W2027968480","https://openalex.org/W2033309929","https://openalex.org/W2035321912","https://openalex.org/W2055952423","https://openalex.org/W2060188288","https://openalex.org/W2080909714","https://openalex.org/W2091656550","https://openalex.org/W2099556653","https://openalex.org/W2123156394","https://openalex.org/W2123597250","https://openalex.org/W2134856702","https://openalex.org/W2141708418","https://openalex.org/W2147329770","https://openalex.org/W2148797873","https://openalex.org/W2151383892","https://openalex.org/W2155912229","https://openalex.org/W2162549927","https://openalex.org/W2167024389","https://openalex.org/W2472335231","https://openalex.org/W2582561810","https://openalex.org/W2731865786","https://openalex.org/W2799130598","https://openalex.org/W4244762921"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2008166290","https://openalex.org/W2809705140","https://openalex.org/W2064981144","https://openalex.org/W3144478998","https://openalex.org/W1030658789","https://openalex.org/W4388023965","https://openalex.org/W2944511072","https://openalex.org/W4254865515","https://openalex.org/W4251198466","https://openalex.org/W3008748258"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fake":[0],"or":[1],"manipulated":[2],"images":[3,35,86],"propagated":[4],"through":[5],"the":[6,12,32,82,85],"Web":[7],"and":[8,18,22,79,99,113],"social":[9,100,112],"media":[10,101],"have":[11,27],"capacity":[13],"to":[14,69],"deceive,":[15],"emotionally":[16],"distress,":[17],"influence":[19],"public":[20],"opinions":[21],"actions.":[23],"Yet":[24],"few":[25],"studies":[26],"examined":[28],"how":[29,54],"individuals":[30],"evaluate":[31,56],"authenticity":[33],"of":[34,71,84,106,116],"that":[36,52,93],"accompany":[37],"online":[38,46,60,117],"stories.":[39],"This":[40],"article":[41],"details":[42],"a":[43,76,132],"6-batch":[44],"large-scale":[45],"experiment":[47],"using":[48],"Amazon":[49],"Mechanical":[50],"Turk":[51],"probes":[53],"people":[55],"image":[57,107],"credibility":[58,83,108,118,139],"across":[59],"platforms.":[61],"In":[62],"each":[63],"batch,":[64],"participants":[65],"were":[66,103],"randomly":[67],"assigned":[68],"1":[70],"28":[72],"news-source":[73],"mockups":[74],"featuring":[75],"forged":[77],"image,":[78],"they":[80],"evaluated":[81],"based":[87],"on":[88],"several":[89],"features.":[90],"We":[91],"found":[92],"participants\u2019":[94],"Internet":[95],"skills,":[96],"photo-editing":[97],"experience,":[98],"use":[102],"significant":[104,127],"predictors":[105],"evaluation,":[109],"while":[110],"most":[111],"heuristic":[114],"cues":[115],"(e.g.":[119],"source":[120],"trustworthiness,":[121],"bandwagon,":[122],"intermediary":[123],"trustworthiness)":[124],"had":[125],"no":[126],"impact.":[128],"Viewers\u2019":[129],"attitude":[130],"toward":[131],"depicted":[133],"issue":[134],"also":[135],"positively":[136],"influenced":[137],"their":[138],"evaluation.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-24T08:33:08.758527","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}