{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2840878813","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818786220","title":"Mine the gap: Bitcoin and the maintenance of trustlessness","display_name":"Mine the gap: Bitcoin and the maintenance of trustlessness","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-07-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2840878813","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818786220","mag":"2840878813"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1461444818786220","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818786220","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1461444818786220","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88603889","display_name":"New Media & Society","issn_l":"1461-4448","issn":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New Media & Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1461444818786220","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056982934","display_name":"Gili Vidan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1855-4779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801851002","display_name":"Harvard University Press","ror":"https://ror.org/006v7bf86","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gili Vidan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058448921","display_name":"Vili Lehdonvirta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6509-1703"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vili Lehdonvirta","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056982934"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.4575,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":77,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97988672,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"1","first_page":"42","last_page":"59"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11995","display_name":"FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance","score":0.9764999747276306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9506999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-currency","display_name":"Digital currency","score":0.6398252844810486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/premise","display_name":"Premise","score":0.6255951523780823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/negotiation","display_name":"Negotiation","score":0.6210247874259949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rationality","display_name":"Rationality","score":0.6164191365242004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.5770683288574219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5137597322463989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.50309818983078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/currency","display_name":"Currency","score":0.4556356966495514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.42635682225227356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.42473259568214417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.38697248697280884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.36794936656951904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3565131723880768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.3536880314350128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.2684333920478821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.2502891421318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.24529913067817688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.23105698823928833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-science","display_name":"Social science","score":0.1438537836074829}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48220719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10836209","display_name":"Digital currency","level":3,"score":0.6398252844810486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778023277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321703","display_name":"Premise","level":2,"score":0.6255951523780823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199776023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202875","display_name":"Negotiation","level":2,"score":0.6210247874259949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201717286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938185","display_name":"Rationality","level":2,"score":0.6164191365242004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5770683288574219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5137597322463989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.50309818983078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141121606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8142","display_name":"Currency","level":2,"score":0.4556356966495514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.42635682225227356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.42473259568214417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38697248697280884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.36794936656951904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3565131723880768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3536880314350128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2684333920478821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.2502891421318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.24529913067817688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.23105698823928833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.1438537836074829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1461444818786220","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818786220","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1461444818786220","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88603889","display_name":"New Media & Society","issn_l":"1461-4448","issn":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New Media & Society","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1461444818786220","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818786220","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1461444818786220","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88603889","display_name":"New Media & Society","issn_l":"1461-4448","issn":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New Media & Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2840878813.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W40562257","https://openalex.org/W103145994","https://openalex.org/W649219410","https://openalex.org/W1993755359","https://openalex.org/W2008934558","https://openalex.org/W2014831132","https://openalex.org/W2028576790","https://openalex.org/W2049812561","https://openalex.org/W2327324058","https://openalex.org/W2327941628","https://openalex.org/W2334513225","https://openalex.org/W2343909946","https://openalex.org/W2559876587","https://openalex.org/W2574898717","https://openalex.org/W2769340885","https://openalex.org/W2778368186","https://openalex.org/W2790046045","https://openalex.org/W3125695435","https://openalex.org/W3130502748","https://openalex.org/W3138274094","https://openalex.org/W4230776517","https://openalex.org/W4231324629","https://openalex.org/W4241900263","https://openalex.org/W4245144701","https://openalex.org/W4255706484"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W590788508","https://openalex.org/W3082259031","https://openalex.org/W4380624066","https://openalex.org/W2495544414","https://openalex.org/W4293032643","https://openalex.org/W3034611537","https://openalex.org/W2784375390","https://openalex.org/W2381820935","https://openalex.org/W2009038989","https://openalex.org/W2989707170"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Subscribing":[0],"to":[1,50,59,117,123,140],"a":[2,20,142],"techno-utopian":[3],"discourse":[4,98],"replacing":[5],"institutions":[6],"and":[7,38,62,72,95,126,149],"experts":[8],"with":[9,112],"\u201ctrust":[10],"in":[11,87,107],"code,\u201d":[12],"digital":[13],"alternative":[14],"currency":[15],"Bitcoin":[16],"is":[17,57,99],"pitched":[18],"as":[19,129],"\u201cmath-based":[21],"money\u201d":[22],"governed":[23],"by":[24],"incorruptible":[25],"code":[26],"rather":[27],"than":[28],"human":[29],"regulators.":[30],"In":[31,48],"three":[32],"cases,":[33],"which":[34],"occurred":[35],"between":[36,93],"2013":[37],"2015,":[39],"we":[40,53,80],"examine":[41],"this":[42,108],"system":[43,67],"at":[44],"moments":[45],"of":[46,90,119,144,146],"breakdown.":[47],"contrast":[49,79],"the":[51,66,88,97],"discourse,":[52],"find":[54],"that":[55,134],"power":[56],"concentrated":[58],"critical":[60],"sites":[61],"individuals":[63],"who":[64,73],"manage":[65],"through":[68],"ad":[69],"hoc":[70],"negotiations,":[71],"users":[74],"must":[75],"therefore":[76],"implicitly":[77],"trust\u2014a":[78],"call":[81],"Bitcoin\u2019s":[82],"\u201cpromissory":[83],"gap.\u201d":[84],"But":[85],"even":[86],"face":[89],"such":[91],"contradictions":[92,128],"premise":[94],"reality,":[96],"maintained.":[100],"We":[101,132],"identify":[102],"four":[103],"authorizing":[104],"strategies":[105,136],"used":[106],"work:":[109],"conflating":[110],"people":[111],"devices,":[113],"assuming":[114],"actors":[115],"conform":[116],"notions":[118],"economic":[120],"rationality,":[121],"appealing":[122],"technical":[124],"expertise,":[125],"explaining":[127],"temporary":[130],"bugs.":[131],"contend":[133],"these":[135],"are":[137],"mobilized":[138],"widely":[139],"legitimize":[141],"variety":[143],"applications":[145],"algorithmic":[147],"regulation":[148],"peer":[150],"production":[151],"projects.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}