{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2314932779","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815625942","title":"Can online exemplars trigger a spiral of silence? Examining the effects of exemplar opinions on perceptions of public opinion and speaking out","display_name":"Can online exemplars trigger a spiral of silence? Examining the effects of exemplar opinions on perceptions of public opinion and speaking out","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2314932779","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815625942","mag":"2314932779"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1461444815625942","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815625942","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88603889","display_name":"New Media & Society","issn_l":"1461-4448","issn":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New Media &amp; Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060420671","display_name":"Thomas Zerback","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2899-396X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Zerback","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032487985","display_name":"Nayla Fawzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5580-452X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nayla Fawzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060420671"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.723,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":108,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99281437,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"7","first_page":"1034","last_page":"1051"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12592","display_name":"Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-opinion","display_name":"Public opinion","score":0.8111830949783325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exemplification","display_name":"Exemplification","score":0.739753246307373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.7067255973815918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eviction","display_name":"Eviction","score":0.7037306427955627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.5863174200057983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silence","display_name":"Silence","score":0.4827579855918884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-and-offline","display_name":"Online and offline","score":0.46613332629203796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.45392554998397827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4455575942993164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-discussion","display_name":"Online discussion","score":0.41484931111335754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-sphere","display_name":"Public sphere","score":0.41477176547050476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.3977270722389221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-relations","display_name":"Public relations","score":0.36289864778518677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.2989436984062195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.183706134557724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aesthetics","display_name":"Aesthetics","score":0.09540095925331116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.09039899706840515}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134698397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17946","display_name":"Public opinion","level":3,"score":0.8111830949783325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107574306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383678","display_name":"Exemplification","level":2,"score":0.739753246307373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.7067255973815918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778227907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1893186","display_name":"Eviction","level":2,"score":0.7037306427955627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.5863174200057983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781115785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502261","display_name":"Silence","level":2,"score":0.4827579855918884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780102126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10928179","display_name":"Online and offline","level":2,"score":0.46613332629203796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.45392554998397827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4455575942993164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780656832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q796573","display_name":"Online discussion","level":2,"score":0.41484931111335754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779610281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17945","display_name":"Public sphere","level":3,"score":0.41477176547050476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3977270722389221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.36289864778518677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2989436984062195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.183706134557724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.09540095925331116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.09039899706840515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1461444815625942","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815625942","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88603889","display_name":"New Media & Society","issn_l":"1461-4448","issn":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New Media &amp; Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.5167/uzh-201505","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de:42594","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-epub-42594-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401845","display_name":"Open access LMU (Ludwid Maxmilian's Universitat Munchen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","host_organization_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"New Media &amp; Society","raw_type":"doc-type:article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.550000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W629197809","https://openalex.org/W1925431452","https://openalex.org/W1949021840","https://openalex.org/W1959987607","https://openalex.org/W1968731904","https://openalex.org/W1976562693","https://openalex.org/W1981233920","https://openalex.org/W1995347160","https://openalex.org/W1999246150","https://openalex.org/W2013976662","https://openalex.org/W2014640835","https://openalex.org/W2025240503","https://openalex.org/W2028593080","https://openalex.org/W2029186508","https://openalex.org/W2029263946","https://openalex.org/W2029556481","https://openalex.org/W2034796958","https://openalex.org/W2035381879","https://openalex.org/W2035782089","https://openalex.org/W2045707430","https://openalex.org/W2047220045","https://openalex.org/W2057765366","https://openalex.org/W2059975159","https://openalex.org/W2062237088","https://openalex.org/W2066082915","https://openalex.org/W2069651269","https://openalex.org/W2078871411","https://openalex.org/W2079223345","https://openalex.org/W2079621256","https://openalex.org/W2084813517","https://openalex.org/W2096747802","https://openalex.org/W2097821774","https://openalex.org/W2099668057","https://openalex.org/W2101728966","https://openalex.org/W2107214803","https://openalex.org/W2122312775","https://openalex.org/W2124655742","https://openalex.org/W2133026780","https://openalex.org/W2137809006","https://openalex.org/W2141029538","https://openalex.org/W2141176405","https://openalex.org/W2147718049","https://openalex.org/W2147792648","https://openalex.org/W2148685479","https://openalex.org/W2150209915","https://openalex.org/W2150228737","https://openalex.org/W2153461090","https://openalex.org/W2166048859","https://openalex.org/W2168501109","https://openalex.org/W2312389023","https://openalex.org/W2891310915","https://openalex.org/W3122687407","https://openalex.org/W3123091093","https://openalex.org/W4303068939"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968074681","https://openalex.org/W158579227","https://openalex.org/W3212001800","https://openalex.org/W4360772797","https://openalex.org/W2062180945","https://openalex.org/W4298860164","https://openalex.org/W2066444115","https://openalex.org/W2038466720","https://openalex.org/W3013818329","https://openalex.org/W4231791502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,48],"modern":[1],"media":[2,5],"environments,":[3],"social":[4],"have":[6],"fundamentally":[7],"altered":[8],"the":[9,18,32,68,84],"way":[10,16],"how":[11],"individual":[12],"opinions":[13,36],"find":[14],"their":[15,94],"into":[17],"public":[19,41,65],"sphere.":[20],"We":[21],"link":[22],"spiral":[23],"of":[24,34,40,59,70,75],"silence":[25],"theory":[26],"to":[27,45,80],"exemplification":[28],"research":[29],"and":[30,43,87],"investigate":[31],"effects":[33],"online":[35,60,86],"on":[37,83],"peoples\u2019":[38],"perceptions":[39],"opinion":[42],"willingness":[44],"speak":[46,81],"out.":[47],"an":[49],"experiment,":[50],"we":[51],"can":[52],"show":[53],"that":[54],"a":[55],"relatively":[56],"low":[57],"number":[58],"exemplars":[61,92],"considerably":[62],"influence":[63],"perceived":[64],"support":[66],"for":[67],"eviction":[69,76],"violent":[71],"immigrants.":[72],"Moreover,":[73],"supporters":[74],"were":[77],"less":[78],"willing":[79],"out":[82],"issue":[85],"offline":[88],"when":[89],"confronted":[90],"with":[91],"contradicting":[93],"opinion.":[95]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T06:06:40.768181","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
