{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1976139156","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814538647","title":"The future of three-dimensional printing: Intellectual property or intellectual confinement?","display_name":"The future of three-dimensional printing: Intellectual property or intellectual confinement?","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-06-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1976139156","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814538647","mag":"1976139156"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1461444814538647","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814538647","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88603889","display_name":"New Media & Society","issn_l":"1461-4448","issn":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New Media &amp; Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073546360","display_name":"Stephanie Santoso","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stephanie M Santoso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000952211","display_name":"Stephen B. Wicker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3799-5171"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen B Wicker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073546360"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7407,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75522917,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":"138","last_page":"155"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10783","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","score":0.9775000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10783","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","score":0.9775000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11769","display_name":"Copyright and Intellectual Property","score":0.9230999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13999","display_name":"Digital Rights Management and Security","score":0.9046000242233276,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-property","display_name":"Intellectual property","score":0.9213114976882935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-domain","display_name":"Public domain","score":0.6753241419792175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-printing","display_name":"3D printing","score":0.5023081302642822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.45971089601516724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-rights-management","display_name":"Digital rights management","score":0.4427374303340912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fair-use","display_name":"Fair use","score":0.43593692779541016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copyright-law","display_name":"Copyright law","score":0.4316684305667877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technology-development","display_name":"Technology development","score":0.4297313094139099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.42758485674858093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/production","display_name":"Production (economics)","score":0.4225977063179016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inkjet-printing","display_name":"Inkjet printing","score":0.41631942987442017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-and-economics","display_name":"Law and economics","score":0.3985769748687744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.38080865144729614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.36963745951652527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.21700772643089294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.21634945273399353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19631803035736084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.1393529176712036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inkwell","display_name":"Inkwell","score":0.126302570104599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manufacturing-engineering","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","score":0.11346402764320374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.10471639037132263}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34974158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131257","display_name":"Intellectual property","level":2,"score":0.9213114976882935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512654426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19652","display_name":"Public domain","level":2,"score":0.6753241419792175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524769229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229367","display_name":"3D printing","level":2,"score":0.5023081302642822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.45971089601516724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C537843408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192532","display_name":"Digital rights management","level":2,"score":0.4427374303340912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776254780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131562","display_name":"Fair use","level":2,"score":0.43593692779541016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987650672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1297822","display_name":"Copyright law","level":3,"score":0.4316684305667877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988118331","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q276099","display_name":"Technology development","level":2,"score":0.4297313094139099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.42758485674858093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4225977063179016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987330114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q95474715","display_name":"Inkjet printing","level":3,"score":0.41631942987442017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.3985769748687744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.38080865144729614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36963745951652527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.21700772643089294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.21634945273399353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19631803035736084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1393529176712036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109693293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496072","display_name":"Inkwell","level":2,"score":0.126302570104599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117671659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","level":1,"score":0.11346402764320374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10471639037132263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1461444814538647","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814538647","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88603889","display_name":"New Media & Society","issn_l":"1461-4448","issn":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New Media &amp; Society","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309532","display_name":"Syracuse University","ror":"https://ror.org/025r5qe02"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W906478694","https://openalex.org/W1551072687","https://openalex.org/W1858096020","https://openalex.org/W1902067154","https://openalex.org/W1965153126","https://openalex.org/W1977547065","https://openalex.org/W1988927091","https://openalex.org/W2015736368","https://openalex.org/W2097163585","https://openalex.org/W2112957339","https://openalex.org/W2116339082","https://openalex.org/W2132223925","https://openalex.org/W2139524338","https://openalex.org/W2341784414","https://openalex.org/W2412158741","https://openalex.org/W3123751986","https://openalex.org/W3123769876","https://openalex.org/W4250423496","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2625766191","https://openalex.org/W2045585473","https://openalex.org/W2802955310","https://openalex.org/W2088224966","https://openalex.org/W3204658152","https://openalex.org/W2004598562","https://openalex.org/W3121681465","https://openalex.org/W1982077132","https://openalex.org/W3097315855","https://openalex.org/W1976139156"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"the":[1,8,16,34,65,75,86,94,139,147],"first":[2],"25":[3],"years,":[4],"three-dimensional":[5,40,79,150],"printing":[6,41,80,119],"was":[7],"domain":[9],"of":[10,39,56,78,97,149],"industrial":[11],"manufacturing":[12],"and":[13,19,37,51,59,117],"engineering.":[14],"Through":[15],"open-source":[17],"movement":[18],"peer":[20],"production,":[21],"this":[22,98],"disruptive":[23],"technology":[24],"has":[25,138],"become":[26,103],"more":[27,104],"widely":[28],"available.":[29],"This":[30],"article":[31],"considers":[32],"how":[33],"future":[35],"development":[36,77],"use":[38,137,148],"may":[42],"be":[43,93],"facilitated":[44],"or":[45],"inhibited":[46],"through":[47],"intellectual":[48,133],"property":[49],"law":[50],"practice.":[52],"Using":[53],"a":[54,71,129],"combination":[55],"technical,":[57],"legal,":[58],"policy":[60],"analysis,":[61],"we":[62],"conclude":[63],"that":[64],"potential":[66,140],"for":[67,131,141],"patent":[68],"infringement":[69],"is":[70,124],"primary":[72],"issue":[73],"in":[74],"continued":[76],"technology.":[81],"When":[82],"it":[83],"comes":[84],"to":[85,113],"printed":[87],"objects":[88],"themselves,":[89],"copyright":[90,107,115],"issues":[91,102],"will":[92,109],"main":[95],"focus":[96],"debate.":[99],"As":[100],"these":[101],"pervasive,":[105],"some":[106],"holders":[108],"find":[110],"technology-based":[111],"solutions":[112],"enforce":[114],"laws":[116],"restrict":[118],"activities.":[120],"A":[121],"common":[122],"recourse":[123],"digital":[125],"rights":[126],"management":[127],"as":[128],"means":[130],"protecting":[132],"property,":[134],"but":[135],"its":[136],"imposing":[142],"unnecessarily":[143],"stringent":[144],"limitations":[145],"on":[146],"printing.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
