{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2141116065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444813481196","title":"The business and politics of search engines: A comparative study of Baidu and Google\u2019s search results of Internet events in China","display_name":"The business and politics of search engines: A comparative study of Baidu and Google\u2019s search results of Internet events in China","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-04-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2141116065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444813481196","mag":"2141116065"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1461444813481196","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444813481196","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88603889","display_name":"New Media & Society","issn_l":"1461-4448","issn":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New Media & Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114177960","display_name":"Min Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9043-810X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102149020","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte","ror":"https://ror.org/04dawnj30","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Min Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["UNC Charlotte, USA; University of Pennsylvania, USA","UNC Charlotte, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNC Charlotte, USA; University of Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020","https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNC Charlotte, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5114177960"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020","https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.5879,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":98,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97250844,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"2","first_page":"212","last_page":"233"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12016","display_name":"Web Data Mining and Analysis","score":0.9869999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.6036879420280457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organic-search","display_name":"Organic search","score":0.5451279878616333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5329970121383667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine","display_name":"Search engine","score":0.5292569994926453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competitor-analysis","display_name":"Competitor analysis","score":0.49462029337882996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-crawler","display_name":"Web crawler","score":0.49297094345092773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.48660576343536377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.48130762577056885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.432649701833725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-search","display_name":"Online search","score":0.42899084091186523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.4156959354877472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metasearch-engine","display_name":"Metasearch engine","score":0.40666013956069946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advertising","display_name":"Advertising","score":0.40537333488464355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.38975974917411804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.38340479135513306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-search-query","display_name":"Web search query","score":0.35705286264419556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.3503009080886841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.28834068775177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.10963398218154907}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.6036879420280457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130500901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148461","display_name":"Organic search","level":5,"score":0.5451279878616333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5329970121383667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97854310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19541","display_name":"Search engine","level":2,"score":0.5292569994926453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127576917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624630","display_name":"Competitor analysis","level":2,"score":0.49462029337882996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13743948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45842","display_name":"Web crawler","level":2,"score":0.49297094345092773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.48660576343536377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.48130762577056885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.432649701833725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171089853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094123","display_name":"Online search","level":2,"score":0.42899084091186523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4156959354877472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173979980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114106","display_name":"Metasearch engine","level":4,"score":0.40666013956069946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.40537333488464355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38975974917411804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.38340479135513306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164120249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q995982","display_name":"Web search query","level":3,"score":0.35705286264419556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3503009080886841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.28834068775177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.10963398218154907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1461444813481196","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444813481196","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88603889","display_name":"New Media & Society","issn_l":"1461-4448","issn":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New Media & Society","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307851","display_name":"Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria","ror":"https://ror.org/02gysew38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309622","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310145","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333028","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte","ror":"https://ror.org/04dawnj30"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W656586963","https://openalex.org/W1491138414","https://openalex.org/W1546552670","https://openalex.org/W1563730220","https://openalex.org/W1565569578","https://openalex.org/W1566527083","https://openalex.org/W1572540230","https://openalex.org/W1599395313","https://openalex.org/W1645623507","https://openalex.org/W1868816079","https://openalex.org/W1979464183","https://openalex.org/W1987425783","https://openalex.org/W2005226768","https://openalex.org/W2006672970","https://openalex.org/W2026826085","https://openalex.org/W2031160476","https://openalex.org/W2048437343","https://openalex.org/W2066636486","https://openalex.org/W2073506374","https://openalex.org/W2079237733","https://openalex.org/W2079422228","https://openalex.org/W2096385255","https://openalex.org/W2105725207","https://openalex.org/W2134308336","https://openalex.org/W2135182104","https://openalex.org/W2475350735","https://openalex.org/W3121618543","https://openalex.org/W3121805159","https://openalex.org/W3122107567","https://openalex.org/W4230039433"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2379145789","https://openalex.org/W2103989040","https://openalex.org/W2530803980","https://openalex.org/W61747831","https://openalex.org/W2060088491","https://openalex.org/W4233958997","https://openalex.org/W2364771715","https://openalex.org/W3210975432","https://openalex.org/W2991832717","https://openalex.org/W2115429408"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"growing":[1],"interest":[2],"in":[3,6,142,167],"search":[4,35,118,150,156],"engines":[5,157],"China,":[7],"relatively":[8],"few":[9],"empirical":[10],"studies":[11],"have":[12],"examined":[13],"their":[14,140],"sociopolitical":[15],"implications.":[16],"This":[17],"study":[18],"fills":[19],"several":[20],"research":[21],"gaps":[22],"by":[23],"comparing":[24],"query":[25,50],"results":[26,51,74,121,144,154],"(":[27],"N":[28],"=":[29],"6320)":[30],"from":[31,67],"China\u2019s":[32],"two":[33],"leading":[34],"engines,":[36,119],"Baidu":[37,128],"and":[38,45,86,107,113,122,126,171],"Google,":[39],"focusing":[40],"on":[41],"accessibility,":[42],"overlap,":[43],"ranking,":[44],"bias":[46,151],"patterns.":[47],"Analysis":[48],"of":[49,52,98],"316":[53],"popular":[54],"Chinese":[55,137],"Internet":[56],"events":[57],"reveals":[58],"the":[59,93],"following:":[60],"(1)":[61],"after":[62],"Google":[63],"moved":[64],"its":[65,73,132],"servers":[66],"Mainland":[68],"China":[69],"to":[70,81,131,162],"Hong":[71],"Kong,":[72],"are":[75],"equally":[76],"if":[77],"not":[78],"more":[79,147],"likely":[80],"be":[82,159],"inaccessible":[83],"than":[84,92],"Baidu\u2019s,":[85],"Baidu\u2019s":[87,112],"filtering":[88],"is":[89,103,145],"much":[90,146],"subtler":[91],"Great":[94],"Firewall\u2019s":[95],"wholesale":[96],"blocking":[97],"Google\u2019s":[99,114,143],"results;":[100],"(2)":[101],"there":[102],"low":[104],"overlap":[105],"(6.8%)":[106],"little":[108],"ranking":[109],"similarity":[110],"between":[111],"results,":[115],"implying":[116],"different":[117,120,123],"social":[124,169],"realities;":[125],"(3)":[127],"rarely":[129],"links":[130],"competitors":[133],"Hudong":[134],"Baike":[135],"or":[136],"Wikipedia,":[138],"while":[139],"presence":[141],"prominent,":[148],"raising":[149],"concerns.":[152],"These":[153],"suggest":[155],"can":[158],"architecturally":[160],"altered":[161],"serve":[163],"political":[164],"regimes,":[165],"arbitrary":[166],"rendering":[168],"realities":[170],"biased":[172],"toward":[173],"self-interest.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}