{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2138686630","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444806065662","title":"Designed to \u2018effectively frustrate\u2019: copyright, technology and the agency of users","display_name":"Designed to \u2018effectively frustrate\u2019: copyright, technology and the agency of users","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-07-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2138686630","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444806065662","mag":"2138686630"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1461444806065662","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444806065662","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88603889","display_name":"New Media & Society","issn_l":"1461-4448","issn":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New Media &amp; Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018245743","display_name":"Tarleton Gillespie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2601-6073"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tarleton Gillespie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018245743"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.4527,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94821554,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"4","first_page":"651","last_page":"669"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11769","display_name":"Copyright and Intellectual Property","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11769","display_name":"Copyright and Intellectual Property","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11197","display_name":"Digital Games and Media","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13999","display_name":"Digital Rights Management and Security","score":0.9821000099182129,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agency","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","score":0.5557076930999756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.5521937608718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5456030368804932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.529589831829071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enforcement","display_name":"Enforcement","score":0.5209137797355652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-content","display_name":"Digital content","score":0.47973838448524475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45174384117126465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.44725045561790466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fair-use","display_name":"Fair use","score":0.4183717668056488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.36961615085601807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.3138141334056854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.23817846179008484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.14831453561782837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.12507811188697815}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5557076930999756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.5521937608718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5456030368804932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.529589831829071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.5209137797355652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779344036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11320476","display_name":"Digital content","level":2,"score":0.47973838448524475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45174384117126465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.44725045561790466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776254780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131562","display_name":"Fair use","level":2,"score":0.4183717668056488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.36961615085601807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3138141334056854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.23817846179008484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.14831453561782837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.12507811188697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1461444806065662","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444806065662","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88603889","display_name":"New Media & Society","issn_l":"1461-4448","issn":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New Media &amp; Society","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6800000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306149","display_name":"Rockefeller Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/03sfkwk85"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321038","display_name":"Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/039z13y21"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W145310665","https://openalex.org/W306957207","https://openalex.org/W655734355","https://openalex.org/W1515810707","https://openalex.org/W1523514583","https://openalex.org/W1556840590","https://openalex.org/W1587641619","https://openalex.org/W1601946667","https://openalex.org/W1608133798","https://openalex.org/W1810582528","https://openalex.org/W1939581312","https://openalex.org/W1968676859","https://openalex.org/W1980769559","https://openalex.org/W1989307116","https://openalex.org/W2015234269","https://openalex.org/W2041114254","https://openalex.org/W2042349004","https://openalex.org/W2072680674","https://openalex.org/W2101419153","https://openalex.org/W2111846364","https://openalex.org/W2170048845","https://openalex.org/W2325557374","https://openalex.org/W2334930053","https://openalex.org/W2583972682","https://openalex.org/W2764603128","https://openalex.org/W3022734214","https://openalex.org/W3122043868","https://openalex.org/W3123254857","https://openalex.org/W3123490998","https://openalex.org/W3124732237","https://openalex.org/W4213412063","https://openalex.org/W4241033985","https://openalex.org/W4250545357","https://openalex.org/W4302193583"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2903167213","https://openalex.org/W3110153845","https://openalex.org/W3216371833","https://openalex.org/W4226026301","https://openalex.org/W3123334307","https://openalex.org/W2895139582","https://openalex.org/W810802535","https://openalex.org/W1573844475","https://openalex.org/W106374509","https://openalex.org/W2896454966"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"the":[1,22,27,51,100,123,133,142],"major":[2],"US":[3],"music":[4],"and":[5,66,132],"movie":[6],"companies":[7],"have":[8],"pursued":[9],"a":[10,77],"dramatic":[11],"renovation":[12],"in":[13],"their":[14,157],"approach":[15],"to":[16,26,32,35,88,109,150],"copyright":[17,118],"enforcement.":[18],"This":[19,111],"shift,":[20],"from":[21],"\u2018code\u2019":[23,28],"of":[24,29,42,80,116,144,154],"law":[25],"software,":[30],"looks":[31],"technologies":[33],"themselves":[34],"regulate":[36,102],"or":[37],"make":[38],"unavailable":[39],"those":[40],"uses":[41],"content":[43],"traditionally":[44],"handled":[45],"through":[46],"law.":[47],"Critics":[48],"worry":[49],"about":[50],"\u2018compliance\u2019":[52],"rules":[53,85],"built":[54],"into":[55],"such":[56,91],"systems:":[57],"design":[58],"mandates":[59],"for":[60,130,138],"manufacturers":[61,87],"indicating":[62],"what":[63],"users":[64],"can":[65],"cannot":[67],"do":[68],"under":[69],"particular":[70],"conditions.":[71],"But":[72],"these":[73,147],"are":[74],"accompanied":[75],"by":[76],"second":[78],"set":[79],"limitations:":[81],"\u2018robustness\u2019":[82],"rules.":[83],"Robustness":[84],"obligate":[86],"build":[89],"devices":[90],"that":[92],"they":[93],"prevent":[94],"tinkering":[95],"-":[96],"not":[97],"only":[98],"must":[99,106],"technology":[101],"its":[103],"users,":[104],"it":[105],"be":[107],"inscrutable":[108],"them.":[110],"article":[112],"examines":[113],"this":[114],"aspect":[115],"technical":[117],"regulation,":[119],"looking":[120],"particularly":[121],"at":[122],"Content":[124],"Scramble":[125],"System":[126],"(CSS)":[127],"encryption":[128],"system":[129],"DVDs":[131],"recent":[134],"\u2018broadcast":[135],"flag\u2019":[136],"proposed":[137],"digital":[139],"television.":[140],"In":[141],"name":[143],"preventing":[145],"piracy,":[146],"arrangements":[148],"threaten":[149],"undermine":[151],"users\u2019":[152],"sense":[153],"agency":[155],"with":[156],"own":[158],"technologies.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
