{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1133087070","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1094342015593158","title":"High-performance conjugate-gradient benchmark: A new metric for ranking high-performance computing systems","display_name":"High-performance conjugate-gradient benchmark: A new metric for ranking high-performance computing systems","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-08-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1133087070","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1094342015593158","mag":"1133087070"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1094342015593158","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1094342015593158","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S60606485","display_name":"The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications","issn_l":"1094-3420","issn":["1094-3420","1741-2846"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1361299","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075517045","display_name":"Jack Dongarra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3247-1782"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jack Dongarra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, USA; Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL School of Mathematics and School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, USA; Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL School of Mathematics and School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I28407311","https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074276326","display_name":"Michael A. Heroux","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5893-0273"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael A Heroux","raw_affiliation_strings":["Scalable Algorithm Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scalable Algorithm Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073990539","display_name":"Piotr \u0141uszczek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0089-6965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Piotr Luszczek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, USA","Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075517045"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I28407311","https://openalex.org/I75027704"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.9374,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":181,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96388047,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"1","first_page":"3","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.7996000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.7996000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.029100000858306885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.028999999165534973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.888551652431488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conjugate-gradient-method","display_name":"Conjugate gradient method","score":0.8289477229118347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.7353971004486084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7238275408744812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.6458330750465393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5561441779136658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5483924150466919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performance-improvement","display_name":"Performance improvement","score":0.5172134637832642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performance-metric","display_name":"Performance metric","score":0.5031201243400574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supercomputer","display_name":"Supercomputer","score":0.4949566721916199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.4234205484390259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.35777854919433594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-science","display_name":"Computational science","score":0.3268662393093109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3158682882785797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.30362191796302795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.28885501623153687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13386106491088867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10183790326118469}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.888551652431488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81184566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1191895","display_name":"Conjugate gradient method","level":2,"score":0.8289477229118347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.7353971004486084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7238275408744812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.6458330750465393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5561441779136658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5483924150466919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778915421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3643177","display_name":"Performance improvement","level":2,"score":0.5172134637832642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780898871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Performance metric","level":2,"score":0.5031201243400574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83283714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121117","display_name":"Supercomputer","level":2,"score":0.4949566721916199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.4234205484390259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.35777854919433594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.3268662393093109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3158682882785797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.30362191796302795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.28885501623153687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13386106491088867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10183790326118469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1094342015593158","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1094342015593158","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S60606485","display_name":"The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications","issn_l":"1094-3420","issn":["1094-3420","1741-2846"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1429716","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1429716","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1361299","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1361299","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1361299","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1429716","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1429716","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1361299","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311089","display_name":"National Security Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/0047bvr32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1133087070.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W57243869","https://openalex.org/W138506437","https://openalex.org/W185521696","https://openalex.org/W1252105715","https://openalex.org/W1506342804","https://openalex.org/W1527148394","https://openalex.org/W1542243431","https://openalex.org/W1565402953","https://openalex.org/W1968131776","https://openalex.org/W1987840949","https://openalex.org/W2066692739","https://openalex.org/W2095954861","https://openalex.org/W2096714979","https://openalex.org/W2099625934","https://openalex.org/W2112121929","https://openalex.org/W2115250770","https://openalex.org/W2130289795","https://openalex.org/W2165102815","https://openalex.org/W2169631286","https://openalex.org/W2187999691","https://openalex.org/W2425283055","https://openalex.org/W3021722416","https://openalex.org/W4253957471","https://openalex.org/W6638693640"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2741875024","https://openalex.org/W2100227865","https://openalex.org/W3136779501","https://openalex.org/W2334467465","https://openalex.org/W2081167087","https://openalex.org/W2163022578","https://openalex.org/W2752178021","https://openalex.org/W2884738727","https://openalex.org/W2783781479","https://openalex.org/W2019053833"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"describe":[1],"a":[2,24],"new":[3],"high-performance":[4],"conjugate-gradient":[5],"(HPCG)":[6],"benchmark.":[7],"HPCG":[8,21,42],"is":[9,43],"composed":[10],"of":[11,39],"computations":[12],"and":[13,35,52],"data-access":[14],"patterns":[15],"commonly":[16],"found":[17],"in":[18,54],"scientific":[19],"applications.":[20],"strives":[22],"for":[23],"better":[25,58],"correlation":[26],"to":[27,36,45],"existing":[28],"codes":[29],"from":[30],"the":[31,48],"computational":[32],"science":[33],"domain":[34],"be":[37],"representative":[38],"their":[40],"performance.":[41],"meant":[44],"help":[46],"drive":[47],"computer":[49],"system":[50],"design":[51],"implementation":[53],"directions":[55],"that":[56],"will":[57],"impact":[59],"future":[60],"performance":[61],"improvement.":[62]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}