{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1967485914","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1094342009347499","title":"The Case for a Hierarchical System Model for Linux Clusters","display_name":"The Case for a Hierarchical System Model for Linux Clusters","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-09-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1967485914","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1094342009347499","mag":"1967485914"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1094342009347499","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1094342009347499","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S60606485","display_name":"The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications","issn_l":"1094-3420","issn":["1094-3420","1741-2846"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034990264","display_name":"Mark Seager","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mark Seager","raw_affiliation_strings":["LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY, USA,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY, USA,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044435932","display_name":"Brent Gorda","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brent Gorda","raw_affiliation_strings":["LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY, USA,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY, USA,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034990264","https://openalex.org/A5044435932"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.09307681,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"4","first_page":"350","last_page":"354"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.9864000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.9864000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9168999791145325,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6326525807380676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5396246314048767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-specific-integrated-circuit","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","score":0.49895620346069336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chipset","display_name":"Chipset","score":0.4638547897338867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/investment","display_name":"Investment (military)","score":0.4394097626209259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3867132365703583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.3444514274597168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3198277950286865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.28762945532798767}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6326525807380676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5396246314048767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77390884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217302","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.49895620346069336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73431340","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182656","display_name":"Chipset","level":3,"score":0.4638547897338867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.4394097626209259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3867132365703583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3444514274597168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3198277950286865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.28762945532798767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1094342009347499","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1094342009347499","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S60606485","display_name":"The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications","issn_l":"1094-3420","issn":["1094-3420","1741-2846"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6000000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2361454123","https://openalex.org/W2385247776","https://openalex.org/W2127916158","https://openalex.org/W2100196563","https://openalex.org/W1553497204","https://openalex.org/W2106546050","https://openalex.org/W2382142327","https://openalex.org/W2977359002","https://openalex.org/W2085802299","https://openalex.org/W2141823036"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,147],"computer":[1],"industry":[2],"today":[3],"is":[4,53,155,190],"no":[5],"longer":[6],"driven,":[7],"as":[8,108,125,163],"it":[9],"was":[10],"in":[11,66],"the":[12,48,51,54,122,126,138,141,145,213],"40s,":[13],"50s":[14],"and":[15,69,91,95,111,168,180,183],"60s,":[16],"by":[17],"High-performance":[18],"computing":[19,160],"requirements.":[20],"Rather,":[21],"HPC":[22,167],"systems,":[23,27,220],"especially":[24],"Leadership":[25,206],"class":[26,207],"sit":[28],"on":[29,158],"top":[30],"of":[31,50,59,61,140,144,217],"a":[32,39],"pyramid":[33,41,52],"investment":[34,42,56,150],"mode.":[35],"Figure":[36],"1":[37],"shows":[38],"representative":[40],"model":[43],"for":[44,103,116,166],"systems":[45,161,203],"hardware.":[46],"At":[47],"base":[49,98,127],"huge":[55],"(order":[57],"10s":[58],"Billions":[60],"US":[62],"Dollars":[63],"per":[64],"year)":[65],"semiconductor":[67,128],"fabrication":[68],"process":[70],"technologies.":[71],"These":[72,131,171],"costs,":[73],"which":[74],"are":[75,81,101,119,135,193,212],"approximately":[76,136],"doubling":[77],"with":[78],"every":[79],"generation,":[80],"funded":[82],"from":[83],"investments":[84,100,102,134,196],"multiple":[85],"markets:":[86],"enterprise,":[87],"desktops,":[88],"games,":[89],"embedded":[90],"specialized":[92,214],"devices.":[93],"Over":[94],"above":[96],"these":[97,117,189,211],"technology":[99,105,149,174],"critical":[104],"elements":[106,175],"such":[107,162],"microprocessor,":[109],"chipsets":[110],"memory":[112],"ASIC":[113],"components.":[114],"Investments":[115],"components":[118],"spread":[120],"across":[121],"same":[123],"markets":[124],"processes":[129],"investments.":[130],"second":[132],"tier":[133,153,172,191],"half":[137],"size":[139],"lower":[142],"level":[143],"pyramid.":[146],"next":[148],"layer":[151],"up,":[152],"3,":[154],"more":[156],"focused":[157],"scalable":[159,185,202],"those":[164],"needed":[165],"other":[169],"markets.":[170],"3":[173],"include":[176],"networking":[177],"(SAN,":[178],"WAN":[179],"LAN),":[181],"interconnects":[182],"large":[184],"SMP":[186],"designs.":[187],"Above":[188],"4":[192],"relatively":[194],"small":[195],"necessary":[197],"to":[198],"buildmore\u00a0\u00bb":[199],"very":[200],"large,":[201],"high-end":[204],"or":[205],"systems.":[208],"Primary":[209],"among":[210],"network":[215],"designs":[216],"vertically":[218],"integrated":[219],"etc.\u00ab\u00a0less":[221]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
