{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1998280358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1094342007088378","title":"Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) for Pixel Purity Index Using Blocks of Skewers for Endmember Extraction in Hyperspectral Imagery","display_name":"Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) for Pixel Purity Index Using Blocks of Skewers for Endmember Extraction in Hyperspectral Imagery","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1998280358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1094342007088378","mag":"1998280358"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1094342007088378","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1094342007088378","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S60606485","display_name":"The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications","issn_l":"1094-3420","issn":["1094-3420","1741-2846"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005173936","display_name":"Mingkai Hsueh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mingkai Hsueh","raw_affiliation_strings":["REMOTE SENSING SIGNAL AND IMAGE PROCESSING LABORATORY,\rDEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND,\rBALTIMORE COUNTY, 1000 HILLTOP CIRCLE, BALTIMORE, MD 21250 USA,","REMOTE SENSING SIGNAL AND IMAGE PROCESSING LABORATORY,DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND,BALTIMORE COUNTY, 1000 HILLTOP CIRCLE, BALTIMORE, MD 21250 U ...#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"REMOTE SENSING SIGNAL AND IMAGE PROCESSING LABORATORY,\rDEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND,\rBALTIMORE COUNTY, 1000 HILLTOP CIRCLE, BALTIMORE, MD 21250 USA,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"REMOTE SENSING SIGNAL AND IMAGE PROCESSING LABORATORY,DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND,BALTIMORE COUNTY, 1000 HILLTOP CIRCLE, BALTIMORE, MD 21250 U ...#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073412670","display_name":"Chein\u2010I Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5450-4891"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chein-I Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["REMOTE SENSING SIGNAL AND IMAGE PROCESSING LABORATORY,\rDEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND,\rBALTIMORE COUNTY, 1000 HILLTOP CIRCLE, BALTIMORE, MD 21250 USA,","REMOTE SENSING SIGNAL AND IMAGE PROCESSING LABORATORY,DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND,BALTIMORE COUNTY, 1000 HILLTOP CIRCLE, BALTIMORE, MD 21250 U ...#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"REMOTE SENSING SIGNAL AND IMAGE PROCESSING LABORATORY,\rDEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND,\rBALTIMORE COUNTY, 1000 HILLTOP CIRCLE, BALTIMORE, MD 21250 USA,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"REMOTE SENSING SIGNAL AND IMAGE PROCESSING LABORATORY,DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND,BALTIMORE COUNTY, 1000 HILLTOP CIRCLE, BALTIMORE, MD 21250 U ...#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005173936","https://openalex.org/A5073412670"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6228,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92107369,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"4","first_page":"408","last_page":"423"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9825999736785889,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endmember","display_name":"Endmember","score":0.908023476600647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.8684124946594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.8415824174880981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.667943000793457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6620052456855774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-cube","display_name":"Data cube","score":0.6155679821968079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyramid","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","score":0.5345472693443298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5246358513832092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5234898328781128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cube","display_name":"Cube (algebra)","score":0.5032057166099548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.42244088649749756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4184091091156006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3995739221572876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-science","display_name":"Computational science","score":0.39639168977737427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3819662928581238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.32061439752578735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17533564567565918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.1215638518333435}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58237817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5376204","display_name":"Endmember","level":3,"score":0.908023476600647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.8684124946594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.8415824174880981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.667943000793457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6620052456855774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78168278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227269","display_name":"Data cube","level":2,"score":0.6155679821968079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142575187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358290","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5345472693443298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5246358513832092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5234898328781128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53051483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861555","display_name":"Cube (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5032057166099548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.42244088649749756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4184091091156006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3995739221572876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.39639168977737427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3819662928581238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.32061439752578735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17533564567565918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.1215638518333435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1094342007088378","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1094342007088378","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S60606485","display_name":"The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications","issn_l":"1094-3420","issn":["1094-3420","1741-2846"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1509600527","https://openalex.org/W1532610010","https://openalex.org/W1991582882","https://openalex.org/W2011142828","https://openalex.org/W2025113590","https://openalex.org/W2098295833","https://openalex.org/W2117741752","https://openalex.org/W2127168224","https://openalex.org/W2136625467","https://openalex.org/W2170395949","https://openalex.org/W2552350602","https://openalex.org/W4248253651"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2037328426","https://openalex.org/W1990914742","https://openalex.org/W3106536224","https://openalex.org/W2891033441","https://openalex.org/W2006559622","https://openalex.org/W2890371384","https://openalex.org/W2773863718","https://openalex.org/W2315521504","https://openalex.org/W2563324120","https://openalex.org/W2039721451"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pixel":[0],"purity":[1],"index":[2],"(PPI)":[3],"is":[4],"a":[5,65],"popular":[6],"endmember":[7],"extraction":[8],"algorithm":[9],"because":[10],"of":[11,29,54,64,110],"its":[12,19],"availability":[13],"in":[14,75],"the":[15,26,42,52,62,93,114],"ENVI":[16],"software.":[17],"Recently,":[18],"hardware":[20],"implementation":[21],"has":[22],"been":[23],"explored":[24],"by":[25,41,122],"so-called":[27],"block":[28,80],"skewers":[30,39],"(BOS)":[31],"that":[32],"can":[33],"be":[34],"used":[35],"to":[36,72,104],"generate":[37],"desired":[38],"required":[40],"PPI":[43,67],"with":[44,96],"significantly":[45],"reduced":[46],"computational":[47],"complexity.":[48],"This":[49],"paper":[50],"investigates":[51],"feasibility":[53],"field":[55],"programmable":[56],"gate":[57],"arrays":[58],"(FPGAs)":[59],"design":[60],"for":[61,92],"BOS":[63],"modified":[66],"(called":[68],"automatic":[69],"PPI),":[70],"referred":[71],"as":[73,100],"BOS-APPI":[74,94],"high":[76],"speed":[77],"computation.":[78],"Several":[79],"designs":[81,117],"based":[82],"on":[83],"cube,":[84],"pyramid,":[85],"square":[86],"and":[87,107,120],"tetrahedron":[88],"are":[89,118],"also":[90],"developed":[91],"along":[95],"their":[97],"FPGA":[98,116],"implementations":[99],"new":[101],"reconfigurable":[102],"systems":[103],"perform":[105],"fast":[106],"onboard":[108],"processing":[109],"hyperspectral":[111],"imagery.":[112],"Finally,":[113],"proposed":[115],"realized":[119],"substantiated":[121],"simulations.":[123]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}