{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125531904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10692509251408635","title":"Bi-level optimization of railway alignments considering earthwork allocation and transportation","display_name":"Bi-level optimization of railway alignments considering earthwork allocation and transportation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125531904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10692509251408635"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/10692509251408635","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10692509251408635","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107631664","display_name":"Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering","issn_l":"1069-2509","issn":["1069-2509","1875-8835"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123713821","display_name":"Hao Pu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135994","display_name":"China Railway Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03za3eq42","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Pu","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Railway Group Limited, Beijing, China","National Engineering Research Center of High-speed Railway Construction Technology, Changsha, China","School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Railway Group Limited, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135994"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of High-speed Railway Construction Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123636347","display_name":"Ting Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123722310","display_name":"Chunyan Lv","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105679","display_name":"SDI Engineering (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01nfd5g36","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105679"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107307","display_name":"SGIDI Engineering Consulting (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/01nzt4j48","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107307"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunyan Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cisdi Shanghai Engineering Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cisdi Shanghai Engineering Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105679","https://openalex.org/I4210107307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057635329","display_name":"Taoran Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7663-2042"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Taoran Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7663-2042","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048758163","display_name":"Paul Schonfeld","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9621-2355"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Schonfeld","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123725026","display_name":"Wei Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135994","display_name":"China Railway Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03za3eq42","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Railway Group Limited, Beijing, China","National Engineering Research Center of High-speed Railway Construction Technology, Changsha, China","School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Railway Group Limited, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135994"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of High-speed Railway Construction Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032494877","display_name":"Jianping Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0912-1493"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135994","display_name":"China Railway Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03za3eq42","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135994"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154168","display_name":"China Railway Eryuan Engineering Group Co.","ror":"https://ror.org/003hg6k65","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135994","https://openalex.org/I4387154168"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianping Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Railway Eryuan Engineering Group Co. Ltd, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Railway Eryuan Engineering Group Co. Ltd, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135994","https://openalex.org/I4387154168"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057635329"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.07990437,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"2","first_page":"164","last_page":"181"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11568","display_name":"Railway Systems and Energy Efficiency","score":0.7749000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11568","display_name":"Railway Systems and Energy Efficiency","score":0.7749000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.06109999865293503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10842","display_name":"Railway Engineering and Dynamics","score":0.020999999716877937,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earthworks","display_name":"Earthworks","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.6991000175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.6144000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.5608000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.33739998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-programming","display_name":"Linear programming","score":0.3255999982357025}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156945495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955118","display_name":"Earthworks","level":2,"score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.6991000175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.6144000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.5640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.5608000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45750001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.36570000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.33739998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41045048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202843","display_name":"Linear programming","level":2,"score":0.3255999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76969082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486902","display_name":"Mathematical model","level":2,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.313400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778751112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835016","display_name":"Window (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3089999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164752517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5570875","display_name":"Global optimization","level":2,"score":0.2992999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778212267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6664764","display_name":"Location-allocation","level":2,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147764199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865248","display_name":"Minification","level":2,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182299520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1289588","display_name":"Total cost","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/10692509251408635","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10692509251408635","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107631664","display_name":"Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering","issn_l":"1069-2509","issn":["1069-2509","1875-8835"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6006235480308533,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480195994","https://openalex.org/W1897909895","https://openalex.org/W1967004294","https://openalex.org/W1973420752","https://openalex.org/W1978613270","https://openalex.org/W2004959523","https://openalex.org/W2013422061","https://openalex.org/W2016537690","https://openalex.org/W2018496892","https://openalex.org/W2021332829","https://openalex.org/W2030005637","https://openalex.org/W2031780366","https://openalex.org/W2037421132","https://openalex.org/W2037612930","https://openalex.org/W2055964411","https://openalex.org/W2067342414","https://openalex.org/W2080569432","https://openalex.org/W2081916525","https://openalex.org/W2092178231","https://openalex.org/W2107074868","https://openalex.org/W2133270098","https://openalex.org/W2155164840","https://openalex.org/W2165299997","https://openalex.org/W2169528473","https://openalex.org/W2398485587","https://openalex.org/W2558408642","https://openalex.org/W2559468591","https://openalex.org/W2772751483","https://openalex.org/W2789766499","https://openalex.org/W2902524624","https://openalex.org/W2912589494","https://openalex.org/W2968878269","https://openalex.org/W2979912730","https://openalex.org/W2982628822","https://openalex.org/W2985409127","https://openalex.org/W3001641840","https://openalex.org/W3037081075","https://openalex.org/W3129048850","https://openalex.org/W3160897118","https://openalex.org/W3200134775","https://openalex.org/W3206784891","https://openalex.org/W4220978993","https://openalex.org/W4221136094","https://openalex.org/W4285387532","https://openalex.org/W4293842690","https://openalex.org/W4316661019","https://openalex.org/W4317607132","https://openalex.org/W4387204257","https://openalex.org/W4387417717","https://openalex.org/W4388831554","https://openalex.org/W4390064471","https://openalex.org/W4391195832","https://openalex.org/W4403986867","https://openalex.org/W4409641013","https://openalex.org/W4413639095"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Earthwork":[1],"Allocation":[2],"and":[3,63,124,152,162],"Transportation":[4],"(EAT)":[5],"significantly":[6],"impacts":[7],"construction":[8],"cost":[9],"in":[10,154],"Railway":[11],"Alignment":[12],"(RA)":[13],"optimization,":[14],"but":[15],"slight":[16],"research":[17],"has":[18],"been":[19],"devoted":[20],"to":[21],"this":[22,25,69],"problem.":[23],"To":[24,67],"end,":[26],"an":[27,118],"RA-EAT":[28,36,136],"bi-level":[29,70],"optimization":[30],"framework":[31],"is":[32,39,51,76,85,107,150],"developed.":[33],"A":[34],"concurrent":[35],"design":[37],"model":[38,106],"formulated":[40],"at":[41],"the":[42,45,48,104,134,143,147],"upper-level.":[43],"At":[44],"lower":[46],"level,":[47],"EAT":[49,105,115],"system":[50],"modelled":[52],"by":[53],"incorporating":[54],"earthwork":[55],"allocation":[56],"sections":[57,116],"partition,":[58],"soil":[59],"waste/borrow":[60],"pits":[61,84],"selection":[62],"access":[64,126],"roads":[65,127],"generation.":[66],"solve":[68],"model,":[71],"a":[72,79,88,98,110,121,129,155,159,163],"tailored":[73],"solution":[74,137],"strategy":[75],"proposed.":[77],"Specifically,":[78],"candidate":[80],"pool":[81],"for":[82],"borrow/waste":[83],"established":[86],"via":[87,158],"moving":[89],"window":[90],"method.":[91],"Then,":[92],"RA":[93,119],"alternatives":[94],"are":[95],"generated":[96],"using":[97],"Particle":[99],"Swarm":[100],"Optimization":[101],"(PSO).":[102],"Afterward,":[103],"solved":[108],"with":[109,120,128],"hierarchical":[111],"approach,":[112],"including":[113],"determining":[114],"along":[117],"divide-and-conquer":[122],"method":[123,149],"configuring":[125],"modified":[130],"Dijkstra's":[131],"algorithm.":[132],"Thus,":[133],"total":[135],"can":[138],"be":[139],"iteratively":[140],"evolved":[141],"through":[142],"PSO":[144],"rationale.":[145],"Finally,":[146],"proposed":[148],"verified":[151],"analyzed":[153],"real-world":[156],"case":[157],"sensitivity":[160],"analysis":[161],"comparative":[164],"experiment.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-18T08:10:14.011955","created_date":"2026-01-24T00:00:00"}