{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2003747274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1063293x07078931","title":"Degree of Modularity in Engineering Systems and Products with Technical and Business Constraints","display_name":"Degree of Modularity in Engineering Systems and Products with Technical and Business Constraints","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2003747274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1063293x07078931","mag":"2003747274"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1063293x07078931","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1063293x07078931","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S25105827","display_name":"Concurrent Engineering","issn_l":"1063-293X","issn":["1063-293X","1531-2003"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Concurrent Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hal.science/hal-00571207","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029220082","display_name":"Katja H\u00f6ltt\u00e4\u2010Otto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9680-0752"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33434090","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Boston","ror":"https://ror.org/04ydmy275","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33434090"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Katja H\u00f6ltt\u00e4-Otto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of\rMassachusetts,","Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of#R#Massachusetts,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of\rMassachusetts,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33434090"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of#R#Massachusetts,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33434090"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027288153","display_name":"Olivier de Weck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6677-383X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116219","display_name":"Engineering Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02qg60849","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116219"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46020346","display_name":"American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/00a1rzv11","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46020346"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olivier de Weck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics and Engineering\rSystems Division. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts\rAvenue, Cambridge, MA 02139","Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics and Engineering#R#Systems Division. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts#R#Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics and Engineering\rSystems Division. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts\rAvenue, Cambridge, MA 02139","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46020346","https://openalex.org/I4210116219","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics and Engineering#R#Systems Division. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts#R#Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029220082"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33434090"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.2264,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":196,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98261429,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":"113","last_page":"126"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11729","display_name":"Product Development and Customization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11729","display_name":"Product Development and Customization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10672","display_name":"Design Education and Practice","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14306","display_name":"Technology Assessment and Management","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modularity","display_name":"Modularity (biology)","score":0.8728176355361938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.5676887631416321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","score":0.5351746082305908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5133091807365417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5021586418151855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-structure-matrix","display_name":"Design structure matrix","score":0.4925757050514221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4724222421646118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.47077107429504395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degree","display_name":"Degree (music)","score":0.461381733417511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.4538518190383911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.4224355220794678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3767397999763489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.33278119564056396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.15432247519493103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14040228724479675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.10935720801353455}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779478453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6889748","display_name":"Modularity (biology)","level":2,"score":0.8728176355361938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.5676887631416321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5351746082305908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5133091807365417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5021586418151855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85308350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1200667","display_name":"Design structure matrix","level":2,"score":0.4925757050514221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4724222421646118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.47077107429504395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775997480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q586277","display_name":"Degree (music)","level":2,"score":0.461381733417511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.4538518190383911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.4224355220794678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3767397999763489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.33278119564056396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15432247519493103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14040228724479675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.10935720801353455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1063293x07078931","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1063293x07078931","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S25105827","display_name":"Concurrent Engineering","issn_l":"1063-293X","issn":["1063-293X","1531-2003"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Concurrent Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-00571207v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-00571207","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Concurrent Engineering: Research and Applications, 2007, 15 (2), pp.113-126. ⟨10.1177/1063293X07078931⟩","raw_type":"Journal articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tara.tcd.ie:2262/51938","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2262/51938","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400387","display_name":"Trinity's Access to Research Output (TARA) (Trinity College Dublin)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205274468","host_organization_name":"Trinity College Dublin","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-00571207v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-00571207","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Concurrent Engineering: Research and Applications, 2007, 15 (2), pp.113-126. ⟨10.1177/1063293X07078931⟩","raw_type":"Journal articles"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W192548246","https://openalex.org/W197040278","https://openalex.org/W203694140","https://openalex.org/W649525385","https://openalex.org/W1504705153","https://openalex.org/W1512382277","https://openalex.org/W1525022761","https://openalex.org/W1575066907","https://openalex.org/W1592312990","https://openalex.org/W1800478330","https://openalex.org/W1973769600","https://openalex.org/W1980802893","https://openalex.org/W1997079748","https://openalex.org/W2017708826","https://openalex.org/W2034674049","https://openalex.org/W2041853066","https://openalex.org/W2053596578","https://openalex.org/W2058131238","https://openalex.org/W2059796931","https://openalex.org/W2100404317","https://openalex.org/W2104788901","https://openalex.org/W2116266628","https://openalex.org/W2118169143","https://openalex.org/W2139781850","https://openalex.org/W2152878513","https://openalex.org/W2158092565","https://openalex.org/W2162144261","https://openalex.org/W2165757456","https://openalex.org/W2186295666","https://openalex.org/W2300933323","https://openalex.org/W2323382785","https://openalex.org/W2992593529","https://openalex.org/W4297081765","https://openalex.org/W4299718521"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2297768894","https://openalex.org/W2378076731","https://openalex.org/W3109014690","https://openalex.org/W2122405502","https://openalex.org/W2114254072","https://openalex.org/W2127721729","https://openalex.org/W2884798239","https://openalex.org/W1531253727","https://openalex.org/W2366669483","https://openalex.org/W2080845967"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"is":[1,36,54,146,230],"consensus":[2],"that":[3,133,148,231],"modularity":[4,23,101,179,188,239],"has":[5],"many":[6],"benefits":[7],"from":[8],"cost":[9],"savings":[10],"due":[11,221],"to":[12,15,49,128,157,162,175,222],"increased":[13],"commonality":[14],"enabling":[16],"a":[17,69,77,190,196],"higher":[18,164],"variety":[19],"of":[20,68,76,88,107,141,152,189,192,199,203,228,235,238,240,244],"products.":[21],"Full":[22],"is,":[24],"however,":[25],"not":[26],"always":[27],"achievable.":[28],"How":[29],"engineering":[30],"systems":[31],"and":[32,95,113,124,187,206],"products":[33,194,214],"whose":[34],"design":[35,71],"heavily":[37],"influenced":[38],"by":[39,171,184],"technical":[40,142],"constraints,":[41],"such":[42],"as":[43,181,183],"weight":[44],"or":[45,79],"size":[46,205],"limitations,":[47],"tend":[48],"exhibit":[50],"rather":[51],"integral":[52],"architectures":[53,123,202],"shown":[55],"in":[56,139],"this":[57],"study.":[58],"For":[59],"this,":[60],"two":[61,129],"metrics":[62,116],"are":[63,117,125,134,169,215],"defined":[64],"on":[65],"the":[66,86,89,98,105,149,153,173,236],"basis":[67],"binary":[70],"structure":[72],"matrix":[73],"(DSM)":[74],"representation":[75],"system":[78],"product.":[80],"The":[81,208,225],"non-zero":[82],"fraction":[83],"(NZF)":[84],"captures":[85,104],"sparsity":[87,186],"interrelationships":[90],"between":[91,93,111],"components":[92],"zero":[94,112],"one,":[96],"while":[97],"singular":[99],"value":[100],"index":[102],"(SMI)":[103],"degree":[106,237],"internal":[108],"coupling,":[109],"also":[110],"one.":[114],"These":[115,167],"first":[118],"developed":[119],"using":[120],"idealized":[121],"canonical":[122],"then":[126],"applied":[127],"different":[130,138],"product":[131,155],"pairs":[132],"functionally":[135],"equivalent,":[136],"but":[137],"terms":[140],"constraints.":[143],"Empirical":[144],"evidence":[145],"presented":[147],"lightweight":[150],"variant":[151],"same":[154],"tends":[156],"be":[158],"more":[159],"integral,":[160],"presumably":[161],"achieve":[163],"mass":[165],"efficiency.":[166],"observations":[168],"strengthened":[170],"comparing":[172,185],"results":[174,209],"another,":[176],"previously":[177],"published,":[178],"metric":[180],"well":[182],"set":[191],"15":[193],"against":[195],"control":[197],"population":[198],"randomly":[200],"generated":[201],"equivalent":[204],"density.":[207],"suggest":[210],"that,":[211],"indeed,":[212],"some":[213],"inherently":[216],"less":[217],"modular":[218],"than":[219],"others":[220],"technological":[223],"factors.":[224],"main":[226],"advantage":[227],"SMI":[229],"it":[232],"enables":[233],"analysis":[234],"any":[241],"architecture":[242],"independent":[243],"subjective":[245],"module":[246],"choices.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-05-12T08:28:47.272897","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}