{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1996833561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/105971239400300201","title":"Adding Temporary Memory to ZCS","display_name":"Adding Temporary Memory to ZCS","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1996833561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/105971239400300201","mag":"1996833561"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/105971239400300201","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/105971239400300201","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183337005","display_name":"Adaptive Behavior","issn_l":"1059-7123","issn":["1059-7123","1741-2633"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Adaptive Behavior","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027817163","display_name":"Dave Cliff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3822-9364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162608824","display_name":"University of Sussex","ror":"https://ror.org/00ayhx656","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dave Cliff","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sussex","University of Sussex ,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sussex","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sussex ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012695182","display_name":"Susi Ross","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162608824","display_name":"University of Sussex","ror":"https://ror.org/00ayhx656","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susi Ross","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sussex","University of Sussex ,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sussex","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sussex ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027817163"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8159,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":116,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93341466,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"2","first_page":"101","last_page":"150"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8476948738098145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.5638381838798523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.5201535820960999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5125539302825928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.48067721724510193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.45386648178100586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.43546026945114136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.4224148392677307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.06644266843795776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8476948738098145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.5638381838798523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.5201535820960999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5125539302825928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.48067721724510193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.45386648178100586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.43546026945114136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.4224148392677307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.06644266843795776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/105971239400300201","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/105971239400300201","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183337005","display_name":"Adaptive Behavior","issn_l":"1059-7123","issn":["1059-7123","1741-2633"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Adaptive Behavior","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32403112","https://openalex.org/W43336110","https://openalex.org/W143529956","https://openalex.org/W341907558","https://openalex.org/W573798079","https://openalex.org/W1502346114","https://openalex.org/W1511493290","https://openalex.org/W1516897956","https://openalex.org/W1557517019","https://openalex.org/W1562619934","https://openalex.org/W1576818901","https://openalex.org/W1687873425","https://openalex.org/W1965367179","https://openalex.org/W1979071892","https://openalex.org/W1989101984","https://openalex.org/W1999128321","https://openalex.org/W2007715591","https://openalex.org/W2018642704","https://openalex.org/W2021404082","https://openalex.org/W2029698193","https://openalex.org/W2043003550","https://openalex.org/W2048984163","https://openalex.org/W2068058316","https://openalex.org/W2078226168","https://openalex.org/W2096459303","https://openalex.org/W2098645324","https://openalex.org/W2106157970","https://openalex.org/W2152275320","https://openalex.org/W2172355838","https://openalex.org/W2198041288","https://openalex.org/W2895774836","https://openalex.org/W3011120880","https://openalex.org/W3023540311","https://openalex.org/W3215907522","https://openalex.org/W4200460833","https://openalex.org/W4206665516","https://openalex.org/W4235411351","https://openalex.org/W4247777826","https://openalex.org/W4254545405"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W17155033","https://openalex.org/W3207760230","https://openalex.org/W1496222301","https://openalex.org/W1590307681","https://openalex.org/W2536018345","https://openalex.org/W2379651310","https://openalex.org/W2113019827","https://openalex.org/W1541249122","https://openalex.org/W2413828414","https://openalex.org/W2367222340"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"a":[1,7,14,41],"recent":[2],"article,":[3],"Wilson":[4,56],"(1994)":[5],"described":[6],"\"zeroth-level\"":[8],"classifier":[9,152],"system":[10,149],"(ZCS).":[11],"ZCS":[12,39,50,83,98,115],"employs":[13],"reinforcement":[15],"learning":[16],"technique":[17],"comparable":[18],"to":[19,77,143,172,186],"Q-learning":[20],"(Watkins,":[21],"1989).":[22],"This":[23],"article":[24],"presents":[25],"results":[26,69,80,111,131],"from":[27,70,112],"the":[28,96,140,163,184],"first":[29],"reconstruction":[30],"of":[31,49,124,180],"ZCS.":[32,78],"Having":[33],"replicated":[34],"Wilson's":[35],"results,":[36],"we":[37],"extend":[38],"in":[40,89,105,116,147,166],"manner":[42],"suggested":[43,58],"by":[44],"Wilson:":[45],"The":[46],"original":[47],"formulation":[48],"has":[51],"no":[52],"memory":[53,75,86,164,194],"mechanisms,":[54],"but":[55],"(1994b)":[57],"how":[59],"internal":[60],"\"temporary":[61],"memory\"":[62],"registers":[63,76],"could":[64],"be":[65],"added.":[66],"We":[67,92,108,160],"show":[68,94],"adding":[71],"one-bit":[72],"and":[73],"two-bit":[74],"Our":[79,130],"demonstrate":[81],"that":[82,95,119,133,162],"can":[84,99,137],"exploit":[85],"facilities":[87],"efficiently":[88],"non-Markov":[90,106],"environments.":[91,107],"also":[93],"memoryless":[97],"converge":[100],"on":[101,154],"near-optimal":[102],"stochastic":[103,188],"solutions":[104,189],"then":[109],"present":[110],"trials":[113],"using":[114],"Markov":[117],"environments":[118],"require":[120],"increasingly":[121],"long":[122],"chains":[123],"actions":[125],"before":[126],"reward":[127],"is":[128,170,192],"received.":[129],"indicate":[132],"inaccurate":[134],"overgeneral":[135],"classifiers":[136],"interact":[138],"with":[139],"classifier-generation":[141],"mechanisms":[142],"cause":[144],"catastrophic":[145],"breakdowns":[146],"overall":[148],"performance.":[150],"Basing":[151],"fitness":[153],"accuracy":[155],"may":[156],"alleviate":[157],"this":[158,197],"problem.":[159],"conclude":[161],"mechanism":[165],"its":[167],"current":[168],"form":[169],"unlikely":[171],"scale":[173],"well":[174],"for":[175],"situations":[176],"requiring":[177],"large":[178],"amounts":[179],"temporary":[181],"memory.":[182],"Nevertheless,":[183],"ability":[185],"find":[187],"when":[190],"there":[191],"insufficient":[193],"might":[195],"offset":[196],"problem":[198],"somewhat.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
