{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3028884416","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1059712320918678","title":"Living models or life modelled? On the use of models in the free energy principle","display_name":"Living models or life modelled? On the use of models in the free energy principle","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3028884416","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1059712320918678","mag":"3028884416"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1059712320918678","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1059712320918678","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183337005","display_name":"Adaptive Behavior","issn_l":"1059-7123","issn":["1059-7123","1741-2633"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Adaptive Behavior","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047963874","display_name":"Thomas van Es","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4097-3566"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas van Es","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Philosophical Psychology, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4097-3566","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Philosophical Psychology, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047963874"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.4533,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95437671,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"3","first_page":"315","last_page":"329"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11883","display_name":"Embodied and Extended Cognition","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11883","display_name":"Embodied and Extended Cognition","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11445","display_name":"Origins and Evolution of Life","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11520","display_name":"Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics","score":0.9672999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instrumentalism","display_name":"Instrumentalism","score":0.7703176736831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conflation","display_name":"Conflation","score":0.6224759221076965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.5955320596694946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/living-systems","display_name":"Living systems","score":0.584417998790741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-modelling","display_name":"Scientific modelling","score":0.534736156463623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4902694523334503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-science","display_name":"Philosophy of science","score":0.48484957218170166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clarity","display_name":"CLARITY","score":0.4711645543575287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4325869679450989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-energy-principle","display_name":"Free energy principle","score":0.42715612053871155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.41634005308151245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39911890029907227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-economics","display_name":"Mathematical economics","score":0.3344902992248535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.23333150148391724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20826604962348938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18207970261573792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.152533620595932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.12087693810462952}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198087647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856063","display_name":"Instrumentalism","level":2,"score":0.7703176736831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130440534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14946528","display_name":"Conflation","level":2,"score":0.6224759221076965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.5955320596694946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776184637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6506039","display_name":"Living systems","level":2,"score":0.584417998790741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138379479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1116876","display_name":"Scientific modelling","level":2,"score":0.534736156463623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4902694523334503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110099512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59115","display_name":"Philosophy of science","level":2,"score":0.48484957218170166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777146004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14949826","display_name":"CLARITY","level":2,"score":0.4711645543575287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4325869679450989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33553690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17014702","display_name":"Free energy principle","level":2,"score":0.42715612053871155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.41634005308151245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39911890029907227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.3344902992248535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.23333150148391724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20826604962348938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18207970261573792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.152533620595932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.12087693810462952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1059712320918678","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1059712320918678","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183337005","display_name":"Adaptive Behavior","issn_l":"1059-7123","issn":["1059-7123","1741-2633"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Adaptive Behavior","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5988856953","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1124818N","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","funder_display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/03qtxy027"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W657430534","https://openalex.org/W1524895715","https://openalex.org/W1968159141","https://openalex.org/W1973243121","https://openalex.org/W1979087822","https://openalex.org/W1996022985","https://openalex.org/W2008523042","https://openalex.org/W2033613103","https://openalex.org/W2055789905","https://openalex.org/W2070813962","https://openalex.org/W2109995759","https://openalex.org/W2115460576","https://openalex.org/W2116533103","https://openalex.org/W2122017591","https://openalex.org/W2127958135","https://openalex.org/W2131352719","https://openalex.org/W2137411342","https://openalex.org/W2137420932","https://openalex.org/W2148764920","https://openalex.org/W2150013078","https://openalex.org/W2153791616","https://openalex.org/W2154123408","https://openalex.org/W2169402628","https://openalex.org/W2266457778","https://openalex.org/W2325295315","https://openalex.org/W2414486637","https://openalex.org/W2433192715","https://openalex.org/W2484983710","https://openalex.org/W2534098824","https://openalex.org/W2558206955","https://openalex.org/W2564601941","https://openalex.org/W2594109412","https://openalex.org/W2619035405","https://openalex.org/W2754844655","https://openalex.org/W2783657280","https://openalex.org/W2784122694","https://openalex.org/W2786026501","https://openalex.org/W2791191427","https://openalex.org/W2797051230","https://openalex.org/W2808558823","https://openalex.org/W2810408525","https://openalex.org/W2884852581","https://openalex.org/W2898838432","https://openalex.org/W2908555537","https://openalex.org/W2945536172","https://openalex.org/W2953421850","https://openalex.org/W2954626430","https://openalex.org/W2955082317","https://openalex.org/W3001991410","https://openalex.org/W4210828651","https://openalex.org/W4239933892","https://openalex.org/W4241976975","https://openalex.org/W4247883378","https://openalex.org/W4250984018","https://openalex.org/W4254091289","https://openalex.org/W4283834748","https://openalex.org/W6684001868"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2186092498","https://openalex.org/W2058252362","https://openalex.org/W1982687909","https://openalex.org/W2352149790","https://openalex.org/W1984630168","https://openalex.org/W2373256103","https://openalex.org/W1539211164","https://openalex.org/W2008166176","https://openalex.org/W3110150146","https://openalex.org/W4245621531"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"free":[1],"energy":[2],"principle":[3],"(FEP)":[4],"is":[5,48,57,122],"an":[6,78,147],"information-theoretic":[7],"approach":[8,189],"to":[9,19,37,103,112,193],"living":[10,16,25],"systems.":[11],"FEP":[12,143,198],"characterizes":[13],"life":[14],"by":[15,64,95,101,142],"systems\u2019":[17],"resistance":[18],"the":[20,31,52,105,131,138,164,178,184,197],"second":[21],"law":[22],"of":[23,42,54,70,133],"thermodynamics:":[24],"systems":[26],"do":[27,150,181],"not":[28,151,158,182],"randomly":[29],"visit":[30],"possible":[32],"states,":[33],"but":[34],"actively":[35],"work":[36],"remain":[38],"within":[39],"a":[40,119,153],"set":[41],"viable":[43],"states.":[44],"In":[45,72],"FEP,":[46],"this":[47,73],"modelled":[49],"mathematically.":[50],"Yet,":[51],"status":[53],"these":[55,61],"models":[56,62,82,89,98,127],"typically":[58],"unclear:":[59],"are":[60,107,144,156],"employed":[63],"organisms":[65,102],"or":[66],"strictly":[67],"scientific":[68,171],"tools":[69],"understanding?":[71],"article,":[74],"I":[75,85,115,174],"argue":[76,87,117,176],"for":[77,93],"instrumentalist":[79,185,188],"take":[80],"on":[81],"in":[83,146,160,196],"FEP.":[84],"shall":[86],"that":[88,118,167,177],"used":[90],"as":[91,99],"instruments":[92],"knowledge":[94],"scientists":[96],"and":[97,128,162],"implemented":[100,145],"navigate":[104],"world":[106],"being":[108],"conflated,":[109],"which":[110],"leads":[111],"erroneous":[113],"conclusions.":[114],"further":[116,191],"realist":[120],"position":[121],"unwarranted.":[123],"First,":[124],"it":[125],"overgenerates":[126],"thus":[129],"trivializes":[130],"notion":[132],"modelling.":[134],"Second,":[135],"even":[136],"when":[137],"mathematical":[139],"mechanisms":[140],"described":[141],"organism,":[148],"they":[149],"constitute":[152],"model.":[154],"They":[155],"covariational,":[157],"representational":[159],"nature,":[161],"precede":[163],"social":[165],"practices":[166],"have":[168],"shaped":[169],"our":[170],"modelling":[172],"practice.":[173],"finally":[175],"above":[179],"arguments":[180],"affect":[183],"position.":[186],"An":[187],"can":[190],"add":[192],"conceptual":[194],"clarity":[195],"literature.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
