{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2947173557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1059712319851070","title":"Forward propagation closed loop learning","display_name":"Forward propagation closed loop learning","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2947173557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1059712319851070","mag":"2947173557"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1059712319851070","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1059712319851070","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183337005","display_name":"Adaptive Behavior","issn_l":"1059-7123","issn":["1059-7123","1741-2633"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Adaptive Behavior","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091850362","display_name":"Bernd Porr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8157-998X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bernd Porr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Glasgow Neuro LTD. Glasgow, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8157-998X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Glasgow Neuro LTD. Glasgow, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018008959","display_name":"Paul Miller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9280-000X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Miller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Glasgow Neuro LTD. Glasgow, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Glasgow Neuro LTD. Glasgow, UK","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091850362"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3593,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57880682,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"3","first_page":"181","last_page":"194"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9865999817848206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9624000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7627931833267212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backpropagation","display_name":"Backpropagation","score":0.7094818353652954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5494005084037781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.5051875710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4955190420150757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loop","display_name":"Loop (graph theory)","score":0.4904929995536804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.41432759165763855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16311946511268616}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7627931833267212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155032097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798503","display_name":"Backpropagation","level":3,"score":0.7094818353652954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5494005084037781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5051875710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4955190420150757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184670325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q512604","display_name":"Loop (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4904929995536804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.41432759165763855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16311946511268616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1059712319851070","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1059712319851070","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183337005","display_name":"Adaptive Behavior","issn_l":"1059-7123","issn":["1059-7123","1741-2633"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Adaptive Behavior","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32403112","https://openalex.org/W41654654","https://openalex.org/W1486852018","https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1929205930","https://openalex.org/W1978389345","https://openalex.org/W1996613327","https://openalex.org/W1997007089","https://openalex.org/W1998322666","https://openalex.org/W2009782005","https://openalex.org/W2015516402","https://openalex.org/W2046388858","https://openalex.org/W2054170086","https://openalex.org/W2067071952","https://openalex.org/W2073346596","https://openalex.org/W2075109317","https://openalex.org/W2105780862","https://openalex.org/W2110724392","https://openalex.org/W2111030512","https://openalex.org/W2117726420","https://openalex.org/W2122925692","https://openalex.org/W2137290292","https://openalex.org/W2137841176","https://openalex.org/W2139713302","https://openalex.org/W2164936082","https://openalex.org/W2291984398","https://openalex.org/W2493894436","https://openalex.org/W2506188542","https://openalex.org/W2552737632","https://openalex.org/W2559655401","https://openalex.org/W2583435533","https://openalex.org/W2585198072","https://openalex.org/W2623070292","https://openalex.org/W2773595401","https://openalex.org/W2787890532","https://openalex.org/W2952820172","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4245932330"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4239286941","https://openalex.org/W2088845016","https://openalex.org/W589102260","https://openalex.org/W1966421350","https://openalex.org/W2894173309","https://openalex.org/W4387932263","https://openalex.org/W2098962763","https://openalex.org/W2371065793","https://openalex.org/W2157746493","https://openalex.org/W1977222966"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0,77],"an":[1,133],"autonomous":[2],"agent,":[3],"the":[4,7,12,15,18,21,29,64,86,91,97,127,142,152],"inputs":[5,113],"are":[6,23,57,157],"sensory":[8,35,112],"data":[9],"that":[10,135,155],"inform":[11],"agent":[13,38],"of":[14,17,41,63,74,172],"state":[16],"world,":[19],"and":[20,31,54,84,184],"outputs":[22],"their":[24,46],"actions,":[25,116],"which":[26,168],"act":[27],"on":[28,48],"world":[30],"consequently":[32],"produce":[33],"new":[34],"inputs.":[36,65],"The":[37],"only":[39],"knows":[40],"its":[42,176],"own":[43],"actions":[44],"via":[45],"effect":[47],"future":[49],"inputs;":[50],"therefore":[51],"desired":[52,75,111,115],"states,":[53],"error":[55,88],"signals,":[56],"most":[58],"naturally":[59],"defined":[60,125],"in":[61,72,93,126,150,179,186],"terms":[62,73],"Most":[66],"machine":[67],"learning":[68,166],"algorithms,":[69],"however,":[70],"operate":[71],"outputs.":[76],"example,":[78],"backpropagation":[79],"takes":[80],"target":[81],"output":[82,148],"values":[83],"propagates":[85],"corresponding":[87],"backwards":[89],"through":[90,141],"network":[92,122],"order":[94],"to":[95,109,147],"change":[96],"weights.":[98],"In":[99,159],"closed":[100],"loop":[101],"settings,":[102],"it":[103],"is":[104],"far":[105],"more":[106],"obvious":[107],"how":[108],"define":[110],"than":[114],"however.":[117],"To":[118],"train":[119],"a":[120,164,180,187],"deep":[121],"using":[123],"errors":[124,139],"input":[128,145],"space":[129],"would":[130],"call":[131],"for":[132],"algorithm":[134,167],"can":[136],"propagate":[137],"those":[138],"forwards":[140],"network,":[143],"from":[144],"layer":[146],"layer,":[149],"much":[151],"same":[153],"way":[154],"activations":[156],"propagated.":[158],"this":[160],"article,":[161],"we":[162],"present":[163],"novel":[165],"performs":[169],"such":[170],"\u2018forward-propagation\u2019":[171],"errors.":[173],"We":[174],"demonstrate":[175],"performance,":[177],"first":[178],"simple":[181],"line":[182],"follower":[183],"then":[185],"1st":[188],"person":[189],"shooter":[190],"game.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}