{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2149932027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1059712313500502","title":"How universal can an intelligence test be?","display_name":"How universal can an intelligence test be?","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-11-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2149932027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1059712313500502","mag":"2149932027"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1059712313500502","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1059712313500502","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183337005","display_name":"Adaptive Behavior","issn_l":"1059-7123","issn":["1059-7123","1741-2633"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Adaptive Behavior","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10251/50241","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038085743","display_name":"David L. Dowe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0583-5918"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David L Dowe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Software Engineering, Clayton School of I.T., Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia","Computer Science and Software Engineering Clayton School of I.T., Bldg 63, Monash University, Vic. 3800, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Software Engineering, Clayton School of I.T., Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Software Engineering Clayton School of I.T., Bldg 63, Monash University, Vic. 3800, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029864546","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Hern\u00e1ndez\u2010Orallo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9746-7632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Hern\u00e1ndez-Orallo","raw_affiliation_strings":["DSIC, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Cami de Vera s/n, Valencia Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DSIC, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Cami de Vera s/n, Valencia Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038085743"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3515,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92549417,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"1","first_page":"51","last_page":"69"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.9828000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.9661999940872192,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universality","display_name":"Universality (dynamical systems)","score":0.8551453351974487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.562544047832489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-intelligence","display_name":"Human intelligence","score":0.5535017251968384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-general-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial general intelligence","score":0.47701239585876465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4673694968223572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.45323917269706726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.43373245000839233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.40062087774276733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3311987519264221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.3272719979286194}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183992945","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2495574","display_name":"Universality (dynamical systems)","level":2,"score":0.8551453351974487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.562544047832489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105409693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5937824","display_name":"Human intelligence","level":2,"score":0.5535017251968384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162027153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2264109","display_name":"Artificial general intelligence","level":2,"score":0.47701239585876465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4673694968223572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.45323917269706726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.43373245000839233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.40062087774276733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3311987519264221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3272719979286194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1059712313500502","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1059712313500502","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183337005","display_name":"Adaptive Behavior","issn_l":"1059-7123","issn":["1059-7123","1741-2633"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Adaptive Behavior","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:riunet.upv.es:10251/50241","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10251/50241","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401500","display_name":"RiuNet (Politechnical University of Valencia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","host_organization_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:riunet.upv.es:10251/50241","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10251/50241","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401500","display_name":"RiuNet (Politechnical University of Valencia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","host_organization_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7345354341","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PROMETEO/2008/051","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321864","funder_display_name":"Generalitat Valenciana"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8376176802","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TIN 2010-21062-C02-02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321864","display_name":"Generalitat Valenciana","ror":"https://ror.org/0097mvx21"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":122,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4245645","https://openalex.org/W5242464","https://openalex.org/W10359634","https://openalex.org/W20776095","https://openalex.org/W98316314","https://openalex.org/W139098558","https://openalex.org/W162034249","https://openalex.org/W196385585","https://openalex.org/W564119273","https://openalex.org/W620193523","https://openalex.org/W625009674","https://openalex.org/W1481182308","https://openalex.org/W1498206907","https://openalex.org/W1505423068","https://openalex.org/W1508997545","https://openalex.org/W1534506107","https://openalex.org/W1553200036","https://openalex.org/W1575530397","https://openalex.org/W1597305128","https://openalex.org/W1597925351","https://openalex.org/W1604983330","https://openalex.org/W1622963578","https://openalex.org/W1650154193","https://openalex.org/W1685866933","https://openalex.org/W1795785964","https://openalex.org/W1894134410","https://openalex.org/W1966212531","https://openalex.org/W1971890186","https://openalex.org/W1978049029","https://openalex.org/W1979486681","https://openalex.org/W1985922799","https://openalex.org/W1986150399","https://openalex.org/W1990100773","https://openalex.org/W1990172767","https://openalex.org/W1990589565","https://openalex.org/W1994565286","https://openalex.org/W1997404989","https://openalex.org/W1998123705","https://openalex.org/W1998313484","https://openalex.org/W1998671598","https://openalex.org/W2000196122","https://openalex.org/W2000930830","https://openalex.org/W2001771035","https://openalex.org/W2003138118","https://openalex.org/W2003382651","https://openalex.org/W2005473385","https://openalex.org/W2016708835","https://openalex.org/W2018486775","https://openalex.org/W2023992539","https://openalex.org/W2026423872","https://openalex.org/W2034587361","https://openalex.org/W2038489116","https://openalex.org/W2039062507","https://openalex.org/W2039909236","https://openalex.org/W2041378758","https://openalex.org/W2042306717","https://openalex.org/W2047679842","https://openalex.org/W2051856441","https://openalex.org/W2052544013","https://openalex.org/W2053727512","https://openalex.org/W2059278419","https://openalex.org/W2060806512","https://openalex.org/W2065758324","https://openalex.org/W2066150103","https://openalex.org/W2067279781","https://openalex.org/W2070112398","https://openalex.org/W2072410439","https://openalex.org/W2072676862","https://openalex.org/W2080659041","https://openalex.org/W2082238466","https://openalex.org/W2085843728","https://openalex.org/W2088963425","https://openalex.org/W2099587183","https://openalex.org/W2101493843","https://openalex.org/W2102558219","https://openalex.org/W2102988123","https://openalex.org/W2110381504","https://openalex.org/W2111384628","https://openalex.org/W2111961041","https://openalex.org/W2113235751","https://openalex.org/W2114485587","https://openalex.org/W2117703827","https://openalex.org/W2121281219","https://openalex.org/W2121742215","https://openalex.org/W2122410182","https://openalex.org/W2122446442","https://openalex.org/W2125682417","https://openalex.org/W2135625884","https://openalex.org/W2136330087","https://openalex.org/W2141442097","https://openalex.org/W2144095552","https://openalex.org/W2145482038","https://openalex.org/W2147164290","https://openalex.org/W2148579496","https://openalex.org/W2150378486","https://openalex.org/W2152909313","https://openalex.org/W2156827572","https://openalex.org/W2158186004","https://openalex.org/W2251410821","https://openalex.org/W2331660171","https://openalex.org/W2335615997","https://openalex.org/W2341479926","https://openalex.org/W2404728161","https://openalex.org/W2546868063","https://openalex.org/W2731012631","https://openalex.org/W2886362482","https://openalex.org/W2886654322","https://openalex.org/W2999665664","https://openalex.org/W3014952718","https://openalex.org/W3022130366","https://openalex.org/W3105395720","https://openalex.org/W4205463809","https://openalex.org/W4211019471","https://openalex.org/W4213350211","https://openalex.org/W4234821997","https://openalex.org/W4243058225","https://openalex.org/W4249911376","https://openalex.org/W4252582630","https://openalex.org/W4253457797","https://openalex.org/W4256361765","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6637385995"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2081348319","https://openalex.org/W3156433428","https://openalex.org/W1974622901","https://openalex.org/W4248151009","https://openalex.org/W3127991229","https://openalex.org/W2074627502","https://openalex.org/W2796077666","https://openalex.org/W3049728495","https://openalex.org/W3147517805","https://openalex.org/W2072214777"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"notion":[1],"of":[2,34,41,71,82,97,109,118,129,191,217,225],"a":[3,12,42,84,192,235],"universal":[4,43,85,99,111,130,193,232],"intelligence":[5,36,52,100,112],"test":[6,44,86,194],"has":[7,30,45],"been":[8,31],"recently":[9],"advocated":[10],"as":[11,234],"means":[13],"to":[14,59,137,172,176,222],"assess":[15],"humans,":[16],"non-human":[17],"animals":[18],"and":[19,56,65,76,121,127,169,183,227],"machines":[20],"in":[21,48,62,73,116,208,215],"an":[22],"integrated,":[23],"uniform":[24],"way.":[25],"While":[26],"the":[27,32,38,49,74,79,95,107,125,143,146,148,152,178,187,213,229],"main":[28],"motivation":[29],"development":[33],"machine":[35],"tests,":[37],"mere":[39],"concept":[40],"many":[46],"implications":[47],"way":[50],"human":[51],"tests":[53,61,101,113,131,159,233],"are":[54,102],"understood,":[55],"their":[57],"relation":[58],"other":[60],"comparative":[63],"psychology":[64],"animal":[66],"cognition.":[67],"From":[68],"this":[69,91],"diversity":[70],"subjects":[72],"natural":[75],"artificial":[77],"kingdoms,":[78],"very":[80],"possibility":[81],"constructing":[83],"is":[87,139,181],"still":[88],"controversial.":[89],"In":[90],"paper":[92],"we":[93,210],"rephrase":[94],"question":[96,108],"whether":[98],"possible":[103],"or":[104,151],"not":[105,196],"into":[106],"how":[110,177],"can":[114,211],"be,":[115],"terms":[117,216],"subjects,":[119],"interfaces":[120],"resolutions.":[122],"We":[123,155],"discuss":[124],"feasibility":[126],"difficulty":[128],"depending":[132],"on":[133],"several":[134,223],"levels":[135,224],"according":[136,175],"what":[138],"taken":[140],"for":[141,231],"granted:":[142],"communication":[144,170],"milieu,":[145],"resolution,":[147,167],"reward":[149],"system":[150],"agent":[153,180],"itself.":[154],"argue":[156],"that":[157,165,220],"such":[158],"must":[160],"be":[161,173,197,204],"highly":[162],"adaptive,":[163],"i.e.":[164],"tasks,":[166],"rewards":[168],"have":[171],"adapted":[174],"evaluated":[179],"reacting":[182],"performing.":[184],"Even":[185],"so,":[186],"most":[188],"general":[189],"expression":[190],"may":[195],"feasible":[198],"(and,":[199],"at":[200],"best,":[201],"might":[202],"only":[203],"theoretically":[205],"semi-computable).":[206],"Nonetheless,":[207],"general,":[209],"analyze":[212],"universality":[214,226],"some":[218],"traits":[219],"lead":[221],"set":[228],"quest":[230],"progressive":[236],"rather":[237],"than":[238],"absolute":[239],"goal.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}