{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1979464096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/105971230501300205","title":"Actor\u2013Critic Models of Reinforcement Learning in the Basal Ganglia: From Natural to Artificial Rats","display_name":"Actor\u2013Critic Models of Reinforcement Learning in the Basal Ganglia: From Natural to Artificial Rats","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-05-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1979464096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/105971230501300205","mag":"1979464096"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/105971230501300205","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/105971230501300205","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183337005","display_name":"Adaptive Behavior","issn_l":"1059-7123","issn":["1059-7123","1741-2633"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Adaptive Behavior","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016381589","display_name":"Mehdi Khamassi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2515-1046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187986737","display_name":"Coll\u00e8ge de France","ror":"https://ror.org/04ex24z53","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187986737"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159731","display_name":"LIP6","ror":"https://ror.org/05krcen59","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I4210159731"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehdi Khamassi","raw_affiliation_strings":["AnimatLab, LIP6, Paris, France; LPPA, CNRS\u2013Coll\u00e8ge                         de France, Paris, France","AnimatLab, LIP6, Paris, France; LPPA, CNRS\u2013Coll\u00e8ge de France, Paris, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AnimatLab, LIP6, Paris, France; LPPA, CNRS\u2013Coll\u00e8ge                         de France, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159731","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"AnimatLab, LIP6, Paris, France; LPPA, CNRS\u2013Coll\u00e8ge de France, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187986737","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064666753","display_name":"Lo\u00efc Lach\u00e8ze","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159731","display_name":"LIP6","ror":"https://ror.org/05krcen59","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I4210159731"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lo\u00efc Lach\u00e8ze","raw_affiliation_strings":["AnimatLab, LIP6, Paris, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AnimatLab, LIP6, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159731"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024513825","display_name":"Beno\u00eet Girard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8117-7064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187986737","display_name":"Coll\u00e8ge de France","ror":"https://ror.org/04ex24z53","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187986737"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159731","display_name":"LIP6","ror":"https://ror.org/05krcen59","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I4210159731"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beno\u00eet Girard","raw_affiliation_strings":["AnimatLab, LIP6, Paris, France; LPPA, CNRS\u2013Coll\u00e8ge                         de France, Paris, France","AnimatLab, LIP6, Paris, France; LPPA, CNRS\u2013Coll\u00e8ge de France, Paris, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AnimatLab, LIP6, Paris, France; LPPA, CNRS\u2013Coll\u00e8ge                         de France, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159731","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"AnimatLab, LIP6, Paris, France; LPPA, CNRS\u2013Coll\u00e8ge de France, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187986737","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110868751","display_name":"Alain Berthoz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187986737","display_name":"Coll\u00e8ge de France","ror":"https://ror.org/04ex24z53","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187986737"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alain Berthoz","raw_affiliation_strings":["LPPA, CNRS\u2013Coll\u00e8ge de France, Paris, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LPPA, CNRS\u2013Coll\u00e8ge de France, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187986737","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110939338","display_name":"Agn\u00e8s Guillot","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159731","display_name":"LIP6","ror":"https://ror.org/05krcen59","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I4210159731"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Agn\u00e8s Guillot","raw_affiliation_strings":["AnimatLab, LIP6, Paris, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AnimatLab, LIP6, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159731"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5806,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":75,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81145829,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"2","first_page":"131","last_page":"148"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10056","display_name":"Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11178","display_name":"Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8743711709976196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.726462185382843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.7239257097244263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7077752351760864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5454639792442322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.527855396270752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","score":0.4501103460788727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basal-ganglia","display_name":"Basal ganglia","score":0.44377321004867554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3905789256095886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.35516157746315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.18435975909233093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.08681902289390564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0641406774520874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8743711709976196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.726462185382843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.7239257097244263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7077752351760864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5454639792442322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.527855396270752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4501103460788727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778187257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464210","display_name":"Basal ganglia","level":3,"score":0.44377321004867554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3905789256095886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.35516157746315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.18435975909233093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.08681902289390564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0641406774520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529278444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47273","display_name":"Central nervous system","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/105971230501300205","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/105971230501300205","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183337005","display_name":"Adaptive Behavior","issn_l":"1059-7123","issn":["1059-7123","1741-2633"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Adaptive Behavior","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.434.9534","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.434.9534","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.isir.upmc.fr/files/2005ACLI426.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.460.5268","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.460.5268","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/06/38/07/PDF/KLG_AB05.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.92.4625","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.92.4625","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://adb.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/13/2/131.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.97.9424","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.97.9424","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://animatlab.lip6.fr/papers/KLG_AB05.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-00016390v2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-00016390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Adaptive Behavior, 2005, 13 (2), pp.131-148. &#x27E8;10.1177/105971230501300205&#x27E9;","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W41817496","https://openalex.org/W125252782","https://openalex.org/W1507639627","https://openalex.org/W1515851193","https://openalex.org/W1562923225","https://openalex.org/W1602855037","https://openalex.org/W1607052939","https://openalex.org/W1614030156","https://openalex.org/W1642699591","https://openalex.org/W1644142002","https://openalex.org/W1652173018","https://openalex.org/W1897438103","https://openalex.org/W1910298002","https://openalex.org/W1967784117","https://openalex.org/W1968490092","https://openalex.org/W1974164763","https://openalex.org/W2017934537","https://openalex.org/W2020925019","https://openalex.org/W2024227351","https://openalex.org/W2029214153","https://openalex.org/W2033771479","https://openalex.org/W2043385819","https://openalex.org/W2044592541","https://openalex.org/W2060588252","https://openalex.org/W2062597763","https://openalex.org/W2073563069","https://openalex.org/W2085553767","https://openalex.org/W2094619218","https://openalex.org/W2096457021","https://openalex.org/W2109059823","https://openalex.org/W2113501460","https://openalex.org/W2114207481","https://openalex.org/W2116704462","https://openalex.org/W2117600225","https://openalex.org/W2117726420","https://openalex.org/W2120520226","https://openalex.org/W2120708979","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2125200267","https://openalex.org/W2128562176","https://openalex.org/W2129478155","https://openalex.org/W2133105369","https://openalex.org/W2136796301","https://openalex.org/W2141763580","https://openalex.org/W2148252761","https://openalex.org/W2150884987","https://openalex.org/W2153562927","https://openalex.org/W2154727892","https://openalex.org/W2162892219","https://openalex.org/W2168342951","https://openalex.org/W2240414271","https://openalex.org/W2661265066","https://openalex.org/W2734958620","https://openalex.org/W3098452171","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2105892294","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W4210600426","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W2031695474","https://openalex.org/W2055627408","https://openalex.org/W2417436252","https://openalex.org/W2586732548"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"1995,":[1],"numerous":[2],"Actor\u2013Critic":[3,140],"architectures":[4,52],"for":[5,41,134,142],"reinforcement":[6,15],"learning":[7,16],"have":[8],"been":[9],"proposed":[10],"as":[11,56],"models":[12,25,141],"of":[13,50,69,75,97,99,103,121,139,152],"dopamine-like":[14],"mechanisms":[17],"in":[18,29,53,149,162],"the":[19,48,60,67,73,94,119,150],"rat\u2019s":[20],"basal":[21],"ganglia.":[22],"However,":[23],"these":[24,130],"were":[26],"usually":[27],"tested":[28],"different":[30,70,76],"tasks,":[31],"and":[32,79,82,137],"it":[33,57],"is":[34],"then":[35],"difficult":[36],"to":[37,128,159],"compare":[38],"their":[39,83],"efficiency":[40],"an":[42,54],"autonomous":[43],"animat.":[44],"We":[45,91],"present":[46],"here":[47],"comparison":[49],"four":[51],"animat":[55],"per":[58],"forms":[59],"same":[61],"reward-seeking":[62],"task.":[63,115],"This":[64],"will":[65],"illustrate":[66],"consequences":[68],"hypotheses":[71],"about":[72],"management":[74],"Actor":[77],"sub-modules":[78],"Critic":[80,135],"units,":[81],"more":[84],"or":[85],"less":[86],"autono":[87],"mously":[88],"determined":[89],"coordination.":[90],"show":[92],"that":[93],"classical":[95],"method":[96],"coordination":[98],"modules":[100],"by":[101],"mixture":[102],"experts,":[104],"depending":[105],"on":[106],"each":[107],"module\u2019s":[108],"performance,":[109],"did":[110],"not":[111],"allow":[112],"solving":[113],"our":[114,153],"Then":[116],"we":[117],"address":[118],"question":[120],"which":[122],"principle":[123],"should":[124],"be":[125],"applied":[126],"efficiently":[127],"combine":[129],"units.":[131],"Improve":[132],"ments":[133],"modeling":[136],"accuracy":[138],"a":[143],"natural":[144],"task":[145],"are":[146],"finally":[147],"discussed":[148],"perspective":[151],"Psikharpax":[154],"project\u2014an":[155],"artificial":[156],"rat":[157],"having":[158],"survive":[160],"autonomously":[161],"unpre":[163],"dictable":[164],"environments.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
