{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4289941742","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09610006221111196","title":"Defending and refuting information sources rhetorically: The case of COVID-19 vaccination","display_name":"Defending and refuting information sources rhetorically: The case of COVID-19 vaccination","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4289941742","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09610006221111196"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/09610006221111196","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09610006221111196","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115019648","display_name":"Journal of Librarianship and Information Science","issn_l":"0961-0006","issn":["0961-0006","1741-6477"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Librarianship and Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09610006221111196","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056143845","display_name":"Reijo Savolainen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9609-3464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Reijo Savolainen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tampere University, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9609-3464","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tampere University, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056143845"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.771,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91397301,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"55","issue":"4","first_page":"999","last_page":"1014"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathos","display_name":"Pathos","score":0.9313058853149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethos","display_name":"Ethos","score":0.8985375165939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rhetorical-question","display_name":"Rhetorical question","score":0.829181432723999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credibility","display_name":"Credibility","score":0.7648667097091675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rhetoric","display_name":"Rhetoric","score":0.7630124092102051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logos-bible-software","display_name":"Logos Bible Software","score":0.5458023548126221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.4588488042354584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/appeal","display_name":"Appeal","score":0.43946966528892517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rhetorical-device","display_name":"Rhetorical device","score":0.43428298830986023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.41803693771362305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.37462112307548523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.37194764614105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.20974114537239075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.1693618893623352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.1412712037563324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.08853179216384888}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140713313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633885","display_name":"Pathos","level":2,"score":0.9313058853149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776932993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484318","display_name":"Ethos","level":2,"score":0.8985375165939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q316694","display_name":"Rhetorical question","level":2,"score":0.829181432723999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780224610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530061","display_name":"Credibility","level":2,"score":0.7648667097091675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1370556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81009","display_name":"Rhetoric","level":2,"score":0.7630124092102051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150506046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6667822","display_name":"Logos Bible Software","level":2,"score":0.5458023548126221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4588488042354584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778449503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q329777","display_name":"Appeal","level":2,"score":0.43946966528892517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62291451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1762471","display_name":"Rhetorical device","level":3,"score":0.43428298830986023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41803693771362305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.37462112307548523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.37194764614105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.20974114537239075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.1693618893623352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.1412712037563324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.08853179216384888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/09610006221111196","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09610006221111196","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115019648","display_name":"Journal of Librarianship and Information Science","issn_l":"0961-0006","issn":["0961-0006","1741-6477"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Librarianship and Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/09610006221111196","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09610006221111196","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115019648","display_name":"Journal of Librarianship and Information Science","issn_l":"0961-0006","issn":["0961-0006","1741-6477"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Librarianship and Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W79229537","https://openalex.org/W650402933","https://openalex.org/W1544296916","https://openalex.org/W1556354106","https://openalex.org/W1556808170","https://openalex.org/W1581155331","https://openalex.org/W1969002492","https://openalex.org/W1993681081","https://openalex.org/W2031092644","https://openalex.org/W2034010652","https://openalex.org/W2073208297","https://openalex.org/W2094747961","https://openalex.org/W2334983193","https://openalex.org/W2789465432","https://openalex.org/W2791655345","https://openalex.org/W2944752455","https://openalex.org/W3016785094","https://openalex.org/W3043846689","https://openalex.org/W3093499960","https://openalex.org/W3147751793","https://openalex.org/W3173436602","https://openalex.org/W3177909415","https://openalex.org/W3194113077","https://openalex.org/W3208010551","https://openalex.org/W4207051773","https://openalex.org/W4254623820"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2063659365","https://openalex.org/W2604249947","https://openalex.org/W3157912924","https://openalex.org/W2352559289","https://openalex.org/W2291508847","https://openalex.org/W2008909463","https://openalex.org/W2626284686","https://openalex.org/W4200164024","https://openalex.org/W2246934880","https://openalex.org/W290226423"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"investigation":[1],"compares":[2],"how":[3],"COVID-19":[4],"vaccination":[5,96],"supporters":[6,66],"and":[7,37,67,75,84,111],"refusers":[8,69],"make":[9],"use":[10],"of":[11,18,48,92,129,140],"rhetorical":[12,77,118],"strategies":[13,78,119],"to":[14,31,52,82,98,106,122,136],"judge":[15],"the":[16,27,46,73,90,127],"credibility":[17,91,128],"information":[19,93,130],"sources":[20],"in":[21,57,146],"online":[22,55,147],"discussion.":[23,148],"To":[24],"this":[25],"end,":[26],"Aristotelian":[28],"tripartite":[29],"approach":[30],"rhetoric,":[32],"that":[33,63],"is,":[34],"ethos,":[35],"pathos":[36],"logos":[38],"was":[39],"utilized.":[40],"The":[41,60,117],"empirical":[42],"findings":[43,61],"draw":[44],"on":[45,72,126],"analysis":[47],"2257":[49],"posts":[50],"submitted":[51],"Suomi24\u2014a":[53],"Finnish":[54],"discussion":[56],"May\u2014October":[58],"2021.":[59],"indicate":[62],"both":[64],"vaccine":[65,68],"mainly":[70],"drew":[71],"pathos-":[74],"ethos-related":[76],"such":[79],"as":[80],"appeal":[81],"blameworthiness":[83],"ad":[85],"hominem":[86],"arguments":[87,144],"while":[88],"judging":[89],"sources.":[94],"Coronavirus":[95],"appeared":[97],"be":[99],"a":[100],"highly":[101],"contested":[102],"topic":[103],"giving":[104],"rise":[105],"polarized":[107],"debates,":[108],"deep":[109],"mistrust":[110],"mutual":[112,138],"accusations":[113],"between":[114],"opposing":[115],"parties.":[116],"were":[120],"used":[121,145],"attack":[123],"opponents\u2019":[124],"views":[125],"sources,":[131],"rather":[132],"than":[133],"making":[134],"attempts":[135],"create":[137],"understanding":[139],"their":[141],"value":[142],"for":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
