{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3146176063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09596518211005583","title":"An online estimation algorithm to predict external forces acting on a front-end loader","display_name":"An online estimation algorithm to predict external forces acting on a front-end loader","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3146176063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09596518211005583","mag":"3146176063"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/09596518211005583","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09596518211005583","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210196624","display_name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part I Journal of Systems and Control Engineering","issn_l":"0959-6518","issn":["0959-6518","2041-3041"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021291939","display_name":"Riccardo Madau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8735-3145"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Riccardo Madau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Maha Fluid Power Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maha Fluid Power Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034274006","display_name":"Daniele Colombara","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniele Colombara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079315554","display_name":"Addison Alexander","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3598-7699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Addison Alexander","raw_affiliation_strings":["Maha Fluid Power Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maha Fluid Power Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075370744","display_name":"Andrea Vacca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9837-995X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Vacca","raw_affiliation_strings":["Maha Fluid Power Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maha Fluid Power Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088915090","display_name":"Luigi Mazza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1627-8715"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luigi Mazza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021291939"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9982,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71719234,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"235","issue":"9","first_page":"1678","last_page":"1697"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11372","display_name":"Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11372","display_name":"Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13752","display_name":"Mechanics and Biomechanics Studies","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12482","display_name":"Tunneling and Rock Mechanics","score":0.9829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loader","display_name":"Loader","score":0.9762958288192749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kinematics","display_name":"Kinematics","score":0.6875322461128235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payload","display_name":"Payload (computing)","score":0.6374157071113586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.4772322475910187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vibration","display_name":"Vibration","score":0.4652838110923767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-tool","display_name":"Machine tool","score":0.4506157636642456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.44594964385032654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.4275257885456085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.42373138666152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.40434736013412476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3681638836860657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.2955286502838135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.10298892855644226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09388470649719238}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779041774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650550","display_name":"Loader","level":2,"score":0.9762958288192749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.6875322461128235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134066672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1424639","display_name":"Payload (computing)","level":3,"score":0.6374157071113586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.4772322475910187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198394728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3695508","display_name":"Vibration","level":2,"score":0.4652838110923767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5941749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19768","display_name":"Machine tool","level":2,"score":0.4506157636642456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44594964385032654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.4275257885456085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.42373138666152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.40434736013412476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3681638836860657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2955286502838135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.10298892855644226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09388470649719238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/09596518211005583","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09596518211005583","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210196624","display_name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part I Journal of Systems and Control Engineering","issn_l":"0959-6518","issn":["0959-6518","2041-3041"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.5799999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9773750","https://openalex.org/W49074109","https://openalex.org/W153584309","https://openalex.org/W1966901269","https://openalex.org/W1995677410","https://openalex.org/W2022310661","https://openalex.org/W2045780434","https://openalex.org/W2056204581","https://openalex.org/W2075454284","https://openalex.org/W2093687007","https://openalex.org/W2119485657","https://openalex.org/W2145451962","https://openalex.org/W2333522811","https://openalex.org/W2735644498","https://openalex.org/W2789944801","https://openalex.org/W2793188559","https://openalex.org/W2973352898","https://openalex.org/W3142707146","https://openalex.org/W4244634339","https://openalex.org/W4253099402","https://openalex.org/W4285784252"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2365193102","https://openalex.org/W2343312170","https://openalex.org/W2392969333","https://openalex.org/W2380220463","https://openalex.org/W2745521454","https://openalex.org/W2363418592","https://openalex.org/W2061615910","https://openalex.org/W2385186581","https://openalex.org/W2388122603","https://openalex.org/W2064858034"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,6,19,51,107,119,126,137,159,184,250,263,270],"the":[2,20,24,28,49,55,60,88,91,97,101,105,117,124,127,133,138,160,185,192,206,221,231,237,251,264,271,274,286],"most":[3,293],"significant":[4],"goals":[5],"earthmoving":[7],"equipment":[8],"is":[9,144,162],"to":[10,40,47,58,67,80,281,292],"maximize":[11],"productivity":[12],"during":[13,198],"loading":[14,228],"cycles.":[15],"A":[16],"real-time":[17],"knowledge":[18],"forces":[21,85,99,266],"exchanged":[22,86],"between":[23,87],"machine":[25,128,186],"implement":[26,102],"and":[27,83,90,135,153,166,181,215,230,241],"surrounding,":[29],"that":[30],"is,":[31],"while":[32],"digging,":[33],"can":[34,44,289],"be":[35,45,290],"used":[36,46,253],"in":[37,216,277],"different":[38,217],"ways":[39],"increase":[41],"productivity.":[42],"It":[43],"determine":[48],"amount":[50],"material":[52],"moved":[53],"by":[54],"machine;":[56],"or":[57],"find":[59],"optimal":[61],"bucket":[62,265],"trajectory;":[63],"moreover,":[64],"as":[65,94,96,112],"input":[66],"traction":[68],"control":[69],"systems.":[70],"This":[71],"article":[72,115,279],"presents":[73],"an":[74,169,189,260],"online":[75,261],"force":[76,204],"estimation":[77,140,262],"algorithm":[78,222],"able":[79],"predict":[81],"vertical":[82],"horizontal":[84],"front-loader":[89,161,239],"surrounding":[92],"environment,":[93],"well":[95],"reaction":[98],"through":[100],"itself.":[103],"Taking":[104],"case":[106],"a":[108,120,226,282],"14-ton":[109],"wheel":[110,294],"loader":[111],"reference,":[113],"this":[114,278],"illustrates":[116],"development":[118],"simulation":[121],"model":[122,143,158,177,246],"for":[123,211,259,267],"analysis":[125],"digging":[129,299],"system,":[130],"along":[131],"with":[132,297],"instrumentation":[134],"testing":[136],"proposed":[139,245,287],"algorithm.":[141],"The":[142,156,175,201,244],"divided":[145],"into":[146],"two":[147],"sections":[148],"describing,":[149],"respectively,":[150],"system":[151,154],"kinematic":[152,157],"dynamics.":[155],"compared":[163],"against":[164],"measurements,":[165],"results":[167,232,275],"show":[168,233],"average":[170],"error":[171],"lower":[172],"than":[173],"1%.":[174],"dynamic":[176,182,199],"predicts":[178],"both":[179],"hydraulic":[180],"features":[183],"implement,":[187],"achieving":[188],"accuracy":[190],"on":[191,225],"payload":[193],"mass":[194],"within":[195],"2%\u20133%,":[196],"even":[197],"conditions.":[200,219],"estimated":[202],"pushing":[203,213],"reflects":[205],"expected":[207],"behavior":[208],"when":[209],"tested":[210,224],"various":[212],"efforts":[214],"ground":[218],"Eventually,":[220],"was":[223],"complete":[227],"cycle":[229],"good":[234],"consistency":[235],"considering":[236],"measured":[238],"trajectory":[240],"vehicle":[242],"speed.":[243],"overcomes":[247],"some":[248],"drawbacks":[249],"currently":[252],"technologies.":[254],"For":[255],"example,":[256],"it":[257],"allows":[258],"any":[268],"position":[269],"implement.":[272],"Although":[273],"discussed":[276],"pertain":[280],"specific":[283],"reference":[284],"machine,":[285],"method":[288],"extended":[291],"loaders":[295],"equipped":[296],"standard":[298],"equipment.":[300]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}