{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2115026423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0959651814531124","title":"Optimal braking force allocation for a four-wheel drive fully electric vehicle","display_name":"Optimal braking force allocation for a four-wheel drive fully electric vehicle","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-05-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2115026423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0959651814531124","mag":"2115026423"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0959651814531124","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0959651814531124","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210196624","display_name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part I Journal of Systems and Control Engineering","issn_l":"0959-6518","issn":["0959-6518","2041-3041"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050267067","display_name":"Andrew Pennycott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4925-3418"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Pennycott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK","Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020730806","display_name":"Leonardo De Novellis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5392-9839"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonardo De Novellis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK","Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025541360","display_name":"Patrick Gruber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1030-6655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Gruber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK","Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030174677","display_name":"Aldo Sorniotti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4848-058X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aldo Sorniotti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK","Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8523,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87831063,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"228","issue":"8","first_page":"621","last_page":"628"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regenerative-brake","display_name":"Regenerative brake","score":0.8510265946388245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.681912362575531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-braking","display_name":"Dynamic braking","score":0.6214569807052612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retarder","display_name":"Retarder","score":0.5516001582145691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.5102651119232178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torque","display_name":"Torque","score":0.48994535207748413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle","display_name":"Electric vehicle","score":0.47557511925697327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/axle","display_name":"Axle","score":0.4611549377441406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4540596008300781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-motor","display_name":"Electric motor","score":0.42266589403152466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.4137704372406006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.38703492283821106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.34160614013671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brake","display_name":"Brake","score":0.199299156665802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.11014476418495178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.0678163468837738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162380856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580078","display_name":"Regenerative brake","level":3,"score":0.8510265946388245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.681912362575531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158549904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155327","display_name":"Dynamic braking","level":3,"score":0.6214569807052612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33107880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779780","display_name":"Retarder","level":2,"score":0.5516001582145691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5102651119232178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144171764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48103","display_name":"Torque","level":2,"score":0.48994535207748413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.47557511925697327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129727815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188209","display_name":"Axle","level":2,"score":0.4611549377441406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4540596008300781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176871988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72313","display_name":"Electric motor","level":2,"score":0.42266589403152466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.4137704372406006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.38703492283821106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.34160614013671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780999251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17022503","display_name":"Brake","level":2,"score":0.199299156665802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.11014476418495178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0678163468837738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0959651814531124","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0959651814531124","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210196624","display_name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part I Journal of Systems and Control Engineering","issn_l":"0959-6518","issn":["0959-6518","2041-3041"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.44SUR_INST:11139642130002346","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197018","display_name":"View","issn_l":"2688-268X","issn":["2688-268X","2688-3988"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},{"id":"pmh:oai:epubs.surrey.ac.uk:806316","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/806316/1/Optimal%20braking%20force%20allocation%20for%20a%20four-wheel%20drive%20fully%20electric%20vehicle_2014.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400680","display_name":"Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","host_organization_name":"University of Surrey","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8799999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495343868","https://openalex.org/W1497826971","https://openalex.org/W1586904154","https://openalex.org/W1649074408","https://openalex.org/W1983509615","https://openalex.org/W1996178615","https://openalex.org/W2027115691","https://openalex.org/W2044715447","https://openalex.org/W2053043036","https://openalex.org/W2058289215","https://openalex.org/W2073080915","https://openalex.org/W2076434530","https://openalex.org/W2090671365","https://openalex.org/W2107689651","https://openalex.org/W2116920674","https://openalex.org/W2118382485","https://openalex.org/W2142127418","https://openalex.org/W2151018781","https://openalex.org/W2168658247","https://openalex.org/W2170938528","https://openalex.org/W2341143806","https://openalex.org/W2525404874","https://openalex.org/W3138110152","https://openalex.org/W3217070125","https://openalex.org/W3217549584","https://openalex.org/W4299825255"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1496471839","https://openalex.org/W2375874473","https://openalex.org/W2376346725","https://openalex.org/W2365751057","https://openalex.org/W2377257759","https://openalex.org/W3003912930","https://openalex.org/W2339212238","https://openalex.org/W4365141255","https://openalex.org/W2358725676","https://openalex.org/W2319272642"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Control":[0],"allocation":[1,71,103],"can":[2,130],"be":[3,132],"used":[4,31,65],"onboard":[5],"fully":[6,139],"electric":[7,28,140],"vehicles":[8],"in":[9,32,40,66,88,97,105,135],"order":[10],"to":[11],"maximise":[12],"the":[13,23,48,107],"regenerative":[14,49,89],"power":[15,50,82,90],"produced":[16],"during":[17],"braking":[18,38,57,95,110],"manoeuvres.":[19],"In":[20],"this":[21],"study,":[22],"efficiency":[24],"characteristics":[25],"of":[26,94],"an":[27,41],"motor":[29,54,81],"are":[30,64],"conjunction":[33],"with":[34,99],"constraints":[35],"from":[36],"European":[37],"regulations":[39],"offline":[42],"optimisation":[43,62,127],"procedure":[44],"aimed":[45],"at":[46,52,115],"maximising":[47],"yielded":[51],"different":[53],"speed":[55],"and":[56,85,129],"demand":[58,96],"conditions.":[59],"The":[60,119],"resulting":[61],"data":[63],"a":[67,74,100,116],"simple":[68],"online":[69,126],"control":[70],"approach":[72,120],"via":[73],"look-up":[75],"table.":[76],"Simulation":[77],"results":[78],"highlight":[79],"significant":[80],"loss":[83],"reductions":[84],"small":[86],"increases":[87],"under":[91],"various":[92],"levels":[93],"comparison":[98],"wheel":[101],"torque":[102],"scheme":[104],"which":[106],"front":[108],"axle-to-total":[109],"force":[111],"ratio":[112],"is":[113],"maintained":[114],"constant":[117],"level.":[118],"does":[121],"not":[122],"rely":[123],"on":[124,138],"complex":[125],"schemes":[128],"thus":[131],"practically":[133],"implemented":[134],"real":[136],"time":[137],"vehicles.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}