{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128482163","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0926227x251414058","title":"An expert-in-the-loop framework for unknown attack detection via open-set recognition","display_name":"An expert-in-the-loop framework for unknown attack detection via open-set recognition","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128482163","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0926227x251414058"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0926227x251414058","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0926227x251414058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106992369","display_name":"Journal of Computer Security","issn_l":"0926-227X","issn":["0926-227X","1875-8924"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061774892","display_name":"Xinjing Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5103-5866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinjing Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and DISSec, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5103-5866","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and DISSec, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025532121","display_name":"Peiran Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7245-5600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peiran Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and DISSec, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and DISSec, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125552945","display_name":"Song Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and DISSec, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and DISSec, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011848214","display_name":"L. L.","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and DISSec, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and DISSec, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100419861","display_name":"Yong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2179-3698"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and DISSec, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and DISSec, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125540792","display_name":"Jingdong Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jingdong Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and DISSec, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2173-4076","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and DISSec, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5125540792"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11856811,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"3","first_page":"193","last_page":"210"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.8718000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.8718000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.06030000001192093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.007600000128149986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.7430999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6040999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-nearest-neighbors-algorithm","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors algorithm","score":0.45410001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-classification","display_name":"Traffic classification","score":0.4169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-classification","display_name":"Statistical classification","score":0.3711000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/one-class-classification","display_name":"One-class classification","score":0.37059998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.34769999980926514}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.817799985408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.7430999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6040999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5763999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5615000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113238511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071612","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors algorithm","level":2,"score":0.45410001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169988225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832484","display_name":"Traffic classification","level":3,"score":0.4169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.3711000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34872919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7092302","display_name":"One-class classification","level":3,"score":0.37059998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.34769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776973144","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6880649","display_name":"Misuse detection","level":4,"score":0.33730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.3228999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137524506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2247688","display_name":"Anomaly-based intrusion detection system","level":3,"score":0.3003999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2939000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158251709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354025","display_name":"Intrusion","level":2,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987015589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1040098","display_name":"Learning network","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0926227x251414058","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0926227x251414058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106992369","display_name":"Journal of Computer Security","issn_l":"0926-227X","issn":["0926-227X","1875-8924"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7232120633125305}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1128809682","https://openalex.org/W1500568346","https://openalex.org/W2076188996","https://openalex.org/W2160642098","https://openalex.org/W2584637367","https://openalex.org/W2762776925","https://openalex.org/W2800788706","https://openalex.org/W2901114541","https://openalex.org/W2918854598","https://openalex.org/W2925211503","https://openalex.org/W2963924212","https://openalex.org/W3015566618","https://openalex.org/W3021740526","https://openalex.org/W3025255083","https://openalex.org/W3030764521","https://openalex.org/W3047132966","https://openalex.org/W3118707261","https://openalex.org/W3122623847","https://openalex.org/W3148920658","https://openalex.org/W3157745594","https://openalex.org/W3159355564","https://openalex.org/W3214282743","https://openalex.org/W4214483364","https://openalex.org/W4283214123","https://openalex.org/W4391074157","https://openalex.org/W4391751390","https://openalex.org/W4392697189"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Network":[0],"intrusion":[1,50],"detection":[2,51,85],"is":[3,160],"a":[4,56,82,99],"crucial":[5],"line":[6],"of":[7,71,149,156],"defense":[8],"for":[9,106,113],"protecting":[10],"network":[11,49,57,72,77],"security.":[12],"Despite":[13],"the":[14,114,132,147,154,157],"significant":[15],"advancements":[16],"made":[17],"by":[18],"deep":[19],"learning":[20,112],"in":[21,35,138],"this":[22,41],"field,":[23],"existing":[24,136],"methods":[25,137],"are":[26,33],"primarily":[27],"based":[28,61],"on":[29,62,126,153],"closed-set":[30,140],"classification":[31,59,141],"and":[32,74,97,142],"ineffective":[34],"detecting":[36],"unknown":[37,76],"attacks.":[38,122],"To":[39],"address":[40],"research":[42],"gap,":[43],"we":[44,80,109],"propose":[45],"an":[46],"open-set":[47,63,143],"recognition-based":[48],"method.":[52],"We":[53],"first":[54],"provide":[55],"traffic":[58,73],"model":[60],"recognition,":[64],"OpenPN":[65],",":[66],"to":[67],"classify":[68],"known":[69],"classes":[70,115],"recognize":[75],"traffic.":[78],"Then":[79],"introduce":[81],"novel":[83,121],"attack":[84],"algorithm":[86,105],"involving":[87],"expert":[88,95],"intervention,":[89],"which":[90],"reduces":[91],"manual":[92],"costs":[93],"through":[94],"verification":[96],"utilizes":[98],"density-based":[100],"k-reciprocal":[101],"nearest":[102],"neighbor":[103],"clustering":[104],"optimization.":[107],"Finally,":[108],"perform":[110],"continuous":[111],"that":[116,131],"have":[117],"been":[118],"verified":[119],"as":[120],"Extensive":[123],"experiments":[124],"conducted":[125],"three":[127],"public":[128],"datasets":[129],"demonstrate":[130],"proposed":[133],"method":[134],"outperforms":[135],"both":[139],"recognition.":[144],"In":[145],"addition,":[146],"impact":[148],"each":[150],"critical":[151],"parameter":[152],"performance":[155],"relevant":[158],"algorithms":[159],"comprehensively":[161],"analyzed.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-02-11T00:00:00"}