{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2065773189","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/027836499801700405","title":"Evaluating the Usability of Robot Programming Toolsets","display_name":"Evaluating the Usability of Robot Programming Toolsets","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2065773189","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/027836499801700405","mag":"2065773189"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/027836499801700405","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/027836499801700405","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S73484101","display_name":"The International Journal of Robotics Research","issn_l":"0278-3649","issn":["0278-3649","1741-3176"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The International Journal of Robotics Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109988315","display_name":"Douglas C. MacKenzie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106731","display_name":"Mobile Intelligence (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01d7ehm71","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106731"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Douglas C. MacKenzie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mobile Intelligence Corp., and Georgia Institute of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mobile Intelligence Corp., and Georgia Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106731","https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031550835","display_name":"Ronald C. Arkin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2798-1817"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ronald C. Arkin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing Georgia Institute of Technology","College of Computing/Georgia Institute of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing Georgia Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing/Georgia Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031550835","https://openalex.org/A5109988315"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I4210106731"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.299,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92764079,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"4","first_page":"381","last_page":"401"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10679","display_name":"Service-Oriented Architecture and Web Services","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.9269803762435913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7107318639755249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5493332147598267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lisp","display_name":"Lisp","score":0.513866662979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.4588502049446106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.4455288350582123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.43070054054260254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic-evaluation","display_name":"Heuristic evaluation","score":0.4221486747264862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.40002885460853577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.28552737832069397}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.9269803762435913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7107318639755249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5493332147598267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190883126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132874","display_name":"Lisp","level":2,"score":0.513866662979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.4588502049446106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.4455288350582123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.43070054054260254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3255780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1616517","display_name":"Heuristic evaluation","level":3,"score":0.4221486747264862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.40002885460853577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28552737832069397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/027836499801700405","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/027836499801700405","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S73484101","display_name":"The International Journal of Robotics Research","issn_l":"0278-3649","issn":["0278-3649","1741-3176"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The International Journal of Robotics Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.23.4943","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.23.4943","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cc.gatech.edu/ai/robot-lab/online-publications/usability.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.27.982","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.27.982","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cc.gatech.edu/aimosaic/robot-lab/online-publications/usability.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.363.6864","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.363.6864","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cc.gatech.edu/ai/robot-lab/tmr/usability.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.598.5413","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.598.5413","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.mobile-intelligence.com/ijrr_98.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:smartech.gatech.edu:1853/21581","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1853/21581","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196313","display_name":"SMARTech Repository (Georgia Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","host_organization_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7200000286102295}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W199828451","https://openalex.org/W1487568644","https://openalex.org/W1529312212","https://openalex.org/W1551095406","https://openalex.org/W1581272738","https://openalex.org/W1587981124","https://openalex.org/W1787255075","https://openalex.org/W1891933124","https://openalex.org/W1977953443","https://openalex.org/W1980444045","https://openalex.org/W1985320145","https://openalex.org/W1997494981","https://openalex.org/W1999207949","https://openalex.org/W2018698982","https://openalex.org/W2023837733","https://openalex.org/W2037057633","https://openalex.org/W2057650923","https://openalex.org/W2084204985","https://openalex.org/W2086043727","https://openalex.org/W2090616652","https://openalex.org/W2116871363","https://openalex.org/W2130645924","https://openalex.org/W2135974808","https://openalex.org/W2157798086","https://openalex.org/W2161991315","https://openalex.org/W2171565246","https://openalex.org/W2624516165","https://openalex.org/W3000069905"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2096820616","https://openalex.org/W2912104648","https://openalex.org/W82190428","https://openalex.org/W1976360347","https://openalex.org/W1597453364","https://openalex.org/W2607262752","https://openalex.org/W2028766178","https://openalex.org/W1548358088","https://openalex.org/W3156329635","https://openalex.org/W1978806596"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,22,83,118],"days":[1],"of":[2,35,60],"specifying":[3],"missions":[4],"for":[5,112],"mobile":[6],"robots":[7],"using":[8],"traditional":[9],"programming":[10,28,47],"languages":[11],"such":[12,62,143],"as":[13,64,123],"C++":[14],"and":[15,76,137],"LISP":[16],"are":[17,74,81,89,99,116,139],"coming":[18],"to":[19,24,65,91,95,104,109,130,141],"an":[20],"end.":[21],"need":[23],"support":[25],"operators":[26],"lacking":[27],"skills":[29],"coupled":[30],"with":[31],"the":[32,42,58,96,106,113,128,132,135],"increasing":[33],"diversity":[34],"robot":[36,46],"run-time":[37],"operating":[38],"systems":[39],"is":[40,121],"moving":[41],"field":[43],"toward":[44],"high-level":[45],"toolsets":[48,63],"that":[49],"allow":[50],"graphical":[51],"mission":[52],"specification.":[53],"This":[54],"paper":[55],"ex":[56],"plores":[57],"issues":[59],"evaluating":[61],"their":[66],"usability.":[67],"We":[68],"first":[69],"examine":[70],"how":[71],"usability":[72,97,114],"criteria":[73,98,115],"established":[75],"perfor":[77],"mance":[78],"target":[79],"values":[80,111],"chosen.":[82],"methods":[84,103,136],"by":[85],"which":[86],"suitable":[87],"experiments":[88],"created":[90],"gather":[92],"data":[93,107],"relevant":[94],"then":[100],"presented.":[101],"Finally,":[102],"analyze":[105],"gathered":[108],"establish":[110],"discussed.":[117],"MissionLab":[119],"toolset":[120],"used":[122],"a":[124],"concrete":[125],"example":[126],"throughout":[127],"article":[129],"ground":[131],"discussions,":[133],"but":[134],"techniques":[138],"generalizable":[140],"many":[142],"systems.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}