{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391188106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02783649231223546","title":"Formalizing and evaluating requirements of perception systems for automated vehicles using spatio-temporal perception logic","display_name":"Formalizing and evaluating requirements of perception systems for automated vehicles using spatio-temporal perception logic","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391188106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02783649231223546"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/02783649231223546","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02783649231223546","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S73484101","display_name":"The International Journal of Robotics Research","issn_l":"0278-3649","issn":["0278-3649","1741-3176"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The International Journal of Robotics Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103055471","display_name":"Mohammad Hekmatnejad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Hekmatnejad","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence (formerly CIDSE), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0110-0006","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence (formerly CIDSE), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044251694","display_name":"Bardh Hoxha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6255-7566"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093665","display_name":"Toyota Motor North America (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0076knn86","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093665","https://openalex.org/I4210125472","https://openalex.org/I4210137853"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bardh Hoxha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research & Development, Toyota Motor North America, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research & Development, Toyota Motor North America, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093665"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023357035","display_name":"Jyotirmoy V. Deshmukh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8815-464X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jyotirmoy V. Deshmukh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002278578","display_name":"Yezhou Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0126-8976"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yezhou Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence (formerly CIDSE), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence (formerly CIDSE), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058732387","display_name":"Georgios Fainekos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0456-2129"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093665","display_name":"Toyota Motor North America (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0076knn86","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093665","https://openalex.org/I4210125472","https://openalex.org/I4210137853"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgios Fainekos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research & Development, Toyota Motor North America, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research & Development, Toyota Motor North America, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093665"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103055471"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3266,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80750939,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"2","first_page":"203","last_page":"238"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11596","display_name":"Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.7741936445236206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6820511221885681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-logic","display_name":"Temporal logic","score":0.562629222869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.5471266508102417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.544416069984436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47837033867836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.42028748989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3853272497653961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.36127805709838867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.15055984258651733}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.7741936445236206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6820511221885681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25016198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q781833","display_name":"Temporal logic","level":2,"score":0.562629222869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.5471266508102417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.544416069984436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47837033867836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.42028748989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3853272497653961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.36127805709838867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.15055984258651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/02783649231223546","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02783649231223546","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S73484101","display_name":"The International Journal of Robotics Research","issn_l":"0278-3649","issn":["0278-3649","1741-3176"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The International Journal of Robotics Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W564800084","https://openalex.org/W1483417608","https://openalex.org/W1500091283","https://openalex.org/W1504317179","https://openalex.org/W1506588809","https://openalex.org/W1526456721","https://openalex.org/W1530375570","https://openalex.org/W1563854815","https://openalex.org/W1705718777","https://openalex.org/W1879819495","https://openalex.org/W1974775743","https://openalex.org/W1992777946","https://openalex.org/W1994584977","https://openalex.org/W2005948580","https://openalex.org/W2026629052","https://openalex.org/W2030263557","https://openalex.org/W2052379249","https://openalex.org/W2054675268","https://openalex.org/W2054829118","https://openalex.org/W2107872611","https://openalex.org/W2115579991","https://openalex.org/W2138436353","https://openalex.org/W2250359952","https://openalex.org/W2267240189","https://openalex.org/W2292258785","https://openalex.org/W2412677651","https://openalex.org/W2549790574","https://openalex.org/W2564042453","https://openalex.org/W2566716416","https://openalex.org/W2604347212","https://openalex.org/W2749567864","https://openalex.org/W2783963507","https://openalex.org/W2790344341","https://openalex.org/W2888608158","https://openalex.org/W2894520414","https://openalex.org/W2900065648","https://openalex.org/W2906634895","https://openalex.org/W2911015216","https://openalex.org/W2953303875","https://openalex.org/W2962989418","https://openalex.org/W2963017542","https://openalex.org/W2963087201","https://openalex.org/W2965660219","https://openalex.org/W2980133010","https://openalex.org/W2990972766","https://openalex.org/W3000408052","https://openalex.org/W3001572532","https://openalex.org/W3004304081","https://openalex.org/W3008825258","https://openalex.org/W3021538051","https://openalex.org/W3026534080","https://openalex.org/W3035564946","https://openalex.org/W3035574168","https://openalex.org/W3089533586","https://openalex.org/W3115511661","https://openalex.org/W3116011259","https://openalex.org/W3173259272","https://openalex.org/W3197814852","https://openalex.org/W3208007721","https://openalex.org/W3216378553","https://openalex.org/W4205492173","https://openalex.org/W4206543094","https://openalex.org/W4225387420","https://openalex.org/W4239884176","https://openalex.org/W4245640662","https://openalex.org/W4247924304","https://openalex.org/W4251228600","https://openalex.org/W4312745416","https://openalex.org/W4360868502","https://openalex.org/W4382463985","https://openalex.org/W4383108852","https://openalex.org/W4387225280","https://openalex.org/W4387225440"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2185469136","https://openalex.org/W2011264131","https://openalex.org/W4306353150","https://openalex.org/W2026860389","https://openalex.org/W8219677","https://openalex.org/W2199184806","https://openalex.org/W127837312","https://openalex.org/W2922283411","https://openalex.org/W4384789578","https://openalex.org/W4387421317"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automated":[0],"vehicles":[1],"(AV)":[2],"heavily":[3],"depend":[4],"on":[5,17,82],"robust":[6],"perception":[7,33,63,88,121],"systems.":[8],"Current":[9],"methods":[10,22],"for":[11,119],"evaluating":[12],"vision":[13],"systems":[14,122],"focus":[15],"mainly":[16],"frame-by-frame":[18],"performance.":[19],"Such":[20],"evaluation":[21],"appear":[23],"to":[24,47,123],"be":[25,131],"inadequate":[26],"in":[27,95,109],"assessing":[28],"the":[29,83,87,125],"performance":[30,85],"of":[31,73,86,102,117,127],"a":[32,45,100,115],"subsystem":[34],"when":[35],"used":[36],"within":[37],"an":[38],"AV.":[39],"In":[40],"this":[41],"paper,":[42],"we":[43,113],"present":[44,114],"logic\u2014referred":[46],"as":[48],"Spatio-Temporal":[49],"Perception":[50],"Logic":[51],"(STPL)\u2014which":[52],"utilizes":[53],"both":[54],"spatial":[55,66],"and":[56,67,133],"temporal":[57,68],"modalities.":[58],"STPL":[59,74,103],"enables":[60],"reasoning":[61],"over":[62],"data":[64,94],"using":[65],"operators.":[69],"One":[70],"major":[71],"advantage":[72],"is":[75,105],"that":[76,129],"it":[77],"facilitates":[78],"basic":[79],"sanity":[80],"checks":[81],"functional":[84],"system,":[89],"even":[90],"without":[91],"ground":[92],"truth":[93],"some":[96],"cases.":[97],"We":[98],"identify":[99],"fragment":[101],"which":[104],"efficiently":[106],"monitorable":[107],"offline":[108,136],"polynomial":[110],"time.":[111],"Finally,":[112],"range":[116],"specifications":[118],"AV":[120],"highlight":[124],"types":[126],"requirements":[128],"can":[130],"expressed":[132],"analyzed":[134],"through":[135],"monitoring":[137],"with":[138],"STPL.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
