{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1985292196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02783640022067986","title":"Imaging Ladar for 3-D Surveying and CAD Modeling of Real-World Environments","display_name":"Imaging Ladar for 3-D Surveying and CAD Modeling of Real-World Environments","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1985292196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02783640022067986","mag":"1985292196"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/02783640022067986","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02783640022067986","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S73484101","display_name":"The International Journal of Robotics Research","issn_l":"0278-3649","issn":["0278-3649","1741-3176"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The International Journal of Robotics Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112810225","display_name":"Dirk Langer","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dirk Langer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Z+F USA, Inc., 714 Maryland Ave., #3, Pittsburgh, PA15232, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Z+F USA, Inc., 714 Maryland Ave., #3, Pittsburgh, PA15232, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041363068","display_name":"M. Mettenleiter","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus Mettenleiter","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033064212","display_name":"F. H\u00e4rtl","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Franz H\u00e4rtl","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086647576","display_name":"Christoph Fr\u00f6hlich","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Fr\u00f6hlich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zoller + Fr\u00f6hlich (Z+F) GmbH, Simoniusstr. 22, D-88239 Wangen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zoller + Fr\u00f6hlich (Z+F) GmbH, Simoniusstr. 22, D-88239 Wangen, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086647576","https://openalex.org/A5112810225"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5477,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94341982,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"11","first_page":"1075","last_page":"1088"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.6689983010292053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.6587890982627869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cad","display_name":"CAD","score":0.5391561985015869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deflection","display_name":"Deflection (physics)","score":0.5110931992530823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4994831085205078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.4408888518810272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.42560476064682007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-robot","display_name":"Mobile robot","score":0.4189388155937195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.41720330715179443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.4136746823787689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41170552372932434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3188638687133789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.30131465196609497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-drawing","display_name":"Engineering drawing","score":0.1735648810863495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.17317864298820496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.10489761829376221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.09841650724411011}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.6689983010292053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.6587890982627869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194789388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17855283","display_name":"CAD","level":2,"score":0.5391561985015869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781355719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2080698","display_name":"Deflection (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5110931992530823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4994831085205078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.4408888518810272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.42560476064682007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19966478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810574","display_name":"Mobile robot","level":3,"score":0.4189388155937195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.41720330715179443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.4136746823787689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41170552372932434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3188638687133789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.30131465196609497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199639397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1788588","display_name":"Engineering drawing","level":1,"score":0.1735648810863495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.17317864298820496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.10489761829376221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.09841650724411011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/02783640022067986","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02783640022067986","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S73484101","display_name":"The International Journal of Robotics Research","issn_l":"0278-3649","issn":["0278-3649","1741-3176"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The International Journal of Robotics Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306108","display_name":"U.S. Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfw2e90"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1508161315","https://openalex.org/W1992967753","https://openalex.org/W2099084210","https://openalex.org/W2120502985","https://openalex.org/W2127863657","https://openalex.org/W2142067389","https://openalex.org/W2162569595","https://openalex.org/W2165056064","https://openalex.org/W2739751441","https://openalex.org/W4236250622"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W4319837668","https://openalex.org/W4308071650","https://openalex.org/W3188333020","https://openalex.org/W4281783339","https://openalex.org/W1964041166","https://openalex.org/W4293094720","https://openalex.org/W2739701376"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"establish":[1],"mobile":[2,149],"robot":[3,150],"operations":[4],"and":[5,9,13,34,52,65,81,87,104,146],"to":[6,70],"realize":[7],"survey":[8],"inspection":[10],"tasks,":[11],"robust":[12],"precise":[14],"measurements":[15],"of":[16,19,42,49,93,124,128,139],"the":[17,20,58,74,122,137],"geometry":[18],"3-D":[21,110,125],"environment":[22],"is":[23,45,55,77],"a":[24,91,99,105,129],"required":[25],"basic":[26],"sensor":[27],"technology.":[28],"For":[29],"visual":[30,53],"inspection,":[31],"surface":[32,118],"classification,":[33],"documentation":[35],"purposes,":[36],"however,":[37],"additional":[38],"information":[39,54],"concerning":[40],"reflectance":[41],"measured":[43],"objects":[44],"necessary.":[46],"High-speed":[47],"acquisition":[48],"both":[50],"geometric":[51],"achieved":[56],"by":[57,63],"described":[59],"active":[60],"ladar,":[61],"developed":[62],"Zoller":[64],"Fr\u00f6hlich":[66],"(Z+F).":[67],"In":[68],"contrast":[69],"other":[71],"range-sensing":[72],"devices,":[73],"Z+F":[75],"system":[76,103,108],"designed":[78],"for":[79,109],"high-speed":[80],"high-performance":[82],"operation":[83],"in":[84,120,132,148],"real":[85],"indoor":[86],"outdoor":[88],"environments,":[89],"emitting":[90],"minimum":[92],"near-infrared":[94],"laser":[95,101],"energy.":[96],"It":[97],"integrates":[98],"single-point":[100],"measurement":[102],"mechanical":[106],"deflection":[107],"environmental":[111],"measurements.":[112],"Experimental":[113],"results":[114],"are":[115],"reported":[116],"from":[117],"inspections":[119],"tunnels,":[121],"generation":[123],"CAD":[126],"models":[127],"work":[130],"cell":[131],"an":[133],"automotive":[134],"manufacturing":[135],"plant,":[136],"modeling":[138],"free-form":[140],"surfaces":[141],"such":[142],"as":[143],"historic":[144],"sculptures,":[145],"applications":[147],"navigation.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}