{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1965363093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/016555159702300603","title":"The use of genetic programming to build Boolean queries for text retrieval through relevance feedback","display_name":"The use of genetic programming to build Boolean queries for text retrieval through relevance feedback","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1965363093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/016555159702300603","mag":"1965363093"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/016555159702300603","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/016555159702300603","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68913162","display_name":"Journal of Information Science","issn_l":"0165-5515","issn":["0165-5515","1741-6485"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103028248","display_name":"Martin Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2281-8896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133837150","display_name":"University of Huddersfield","ror":"https://ror.org/05t1h8f27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin P. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Standards and Technology, Maryland, USA","The University of Huddersfield, UK,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Standards and Technology, Maryland, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Huddersfield, UK,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103028248","display_name":"Martin Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2281-8896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133837150","display_name":"University of Huddersfield","ror":"https://ror.org/05t1h8f27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Martin P. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Standards and Technology, Maryland, USA","The University of Huddersfield, UK,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Standards and Technology, Maryland, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Huddersfield, UK,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Martin Smith","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133837150","display_name":"University of Huddersfield","ror":"https://ror.org/05t1h8f27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Standards and Technology, Maryland, USA","The University of Huddersfield, UK,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Standards and Technology, Maryland, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Huddersfield, UK,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Martin Smith","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133837150","display_name":"University of Huddersfield","ror":"https://ror.org/05t1h8f27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Martin Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Standards and Technology, Maryland, USA","The University of Huddersfield, UK,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Standards and Technology, Maryland, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Huddersfield, UK,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103028248"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I133837150"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.931,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88582059,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"6","first_page":"423","last_page":"431"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8067082166671753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.7942079305648804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-programming","display_name":"Genetic programming","score":0.6756905913352966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.6394904851913452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance-feedback","display_name":"Relevance feedback","score":0.6109064817428589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-boolean-model","display_name":"Standard Boolean model","score":0.5210922956466675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.5167631506919861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boolean-expression","display_name":"Boolean expression","score":0.506327748298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boolean-conjunctive-query","display_name":"Boolean conjunctive query","score":0.4929923713207245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.37970179319381714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29761803150177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boolean-function","display_name":"Boolean function","score":0.2830893397331238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.2707279622554779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine","display_name":"Search engine","score":0.22598960995674133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/and-inverter-graph","display_name":"And-inverter graph","score":0.194169282913208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-search-query","display_name":"Web search query","score":0.19333726167678833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-query-classification","display_name":"Web query classification","score":0.13448166847229004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.13374844193458557}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8067082166671753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.7942079305648804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110332635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629498","display_name":"Genetic programming","level":2,"score":0.6756905913352966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.6394904851913452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779532271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q445558","display_name":"Relevance feedback","level":4,"score":0.6109064817428589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68481662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176197","display_name":"Standard Boolean model","level":5,"score":0.5210922956466675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.5167631506919861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158465420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1979515","display_name":"Boolean expression","level":3,"score":0.506327748298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24755975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4943354","display_name":"Boolean conjunctive query","level":5,"score":0.4929923713207245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.37970179319381714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29761803150177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187455244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942353","display_name":"Boolean function","level":2,"score":0.2830893397331238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2707279622554779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97854310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19541","display_name":"Search engine","level":2,"score":0.22598960995674133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196836630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4753279","display_name":"And-inverter graph","level":4,"score":0.194169282913208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164120249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q995982","display_name":"Web search query","level":3,"score":0.19333726167678833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118689300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7978614","display_name":"Web query classification","level":4,"score":0.13448166847229004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.13374844193458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1667742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10927554","display_name":"Image retrieval","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/016555159702300603","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/016555159702300603","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68913162","display_name":"Journal of Information Science","issn_l":"0165-5515","issn":["0165-5515","1741-6485"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332178","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1557757161","https://openalex.org/W2037769336","https://openalex.org/W2049340906","https://openalex.org/W2075354211"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2001465863","https://openalex.org/W33935498","https://openalex.org/W2054977652","https://openalex.org/W2068300101","https://openalex.org/W2140935427","https://openalex.org/W3007426921","https://openalex.org/W1966332265","https://openalex.org/W4253317443","https://openalex.org/W4237975385","https://openalex.org/W2095222504"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"report":[1],"here":[2],"on":[3,6,151],"preliminary":[4],"work":[5],"the":[7,111,115,119,130,152],"use":[8,148],"of":[9,42,53,71,93,105,118,142],"evolutionary":[10,28],"computing":[11],"techniques":[12,29],"which":[13,88],"aims":[14],"to":[15,62,83,122,128,147,155],"improve":[16,121],"Boolean":[17,65,67,132],"information":[18,136],"retrieval":[19],"system":[20],"performance":[21],"through":[22],"relevance":[23],"feedback.":[24],"There":[25],"are":[26,60,69,79,97,100],"many":[27],"in":[30,49,91],"computing,":[31],"such":[32],"as":[33,72,77],"neural":[34],"networks":[35],"and":[36,145],"genetic":[37,43,54,73],"algorithms.":[38],"One":[39],"specific":[40],"form":[41],"algorithm":[44],"technique":[45],"has":[46],"been":[47],"used":[48,61,80],"our":[50],"study:":[51],"that":[52,114,149],"programming.":[55],"Terms":[56],"from":[57],"relevant":[58,159],"documents":[59],"randomly":[63],"create":[64],"queries.":[66],"queries":[68],"thought":[70],"programming":[74],"organisms":[75,120],"and,":[76],"such,":[78],"for":[81,108,134],"breeding":[82],"produce":[84],"new":[85],"organisms.":[86],"Organisms":[87],"perform":[89],"well,":[90],"terms":[92],"how":[94],"good":[95],"they":[96],"at":[98],"retrieval,":[99],"given":[101,138],"a":[102,139],"better":[103],"chance":[104],"being":[106,113],"selected":[107],"breeding,":[109],"with":[110],"result":[112],"overall":[116],"fitness":[117],"some":[123],"extent.":[124],"The":[125],"aim":[126],"is":[127],"develop":[129],"best":[131],"query":[133,150],"an":[135],"need,":[137],"small":[140],"corpus":[141],"test":[143],"documents,":[144],"then":[146],"full":[153],"collection":[154],"retrieve":[156],"yet":[157],"more":[158],"documents.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-29T09:16:38.111599","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
