{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4251636403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/016555159702300402","title":"Ontologies","display_name":"Ontologies","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4251636403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/016555159702300402"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/016555159702300402","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/016555159702300402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68913162","display_name":"Journal of Information Science","issn_l":"0165-5515","issn":["0165-5515","1741-6485"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103520612","display_name":"B.C. VICKERY","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"B. C. Vickery","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103520612"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.585,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79983182,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"4","first_page":"277","last_page":"286"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7522815465927124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology","display_name":"Ontology","score":0.7514020204544067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/idef5","display_name":"IDEF5","score":0.6720893979072571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology-components","display_name":"Ontology components","score":0.6328865885734558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-ontology","display_name":"Process ontology","score":0.5921911001205444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.5403213500976562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-ontology","display_name":"Upper ontology","score":0.48198479413986206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology-engineering","display_name":"Ontology engineering","score":0.4662211239337921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology-based-data-integration","display_name":"Ontology-based data integration","score":0.4546216130256653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.44267815351486206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-biomedical-ontologies","display_name":"Open Biomedical Ontologies","score":0.42178159952163696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.36420631408691406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.35100555419921875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suggested-upper-merged-ontology","display_name":"Suggested Upper Merged Ontology","score":0.3449615240097046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.3248199224472046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-web","display_name":"Semantic Web","score":0.2215127944946289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.13447362184524536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.12227967381477356}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7522815465927124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25810664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44325","display_name":"Ontology","level":2,"score":0.7514020204544067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118248724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5969997","display_name":"IDEF5","level":4,"score":0.6720893979072571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154210476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7095057","display_name":"Ontology components","level":5,"score":0.6328865885734558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137003198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247296","display_name":"Process ontology","level":3,"score":0.5921911001205444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.5403213500976562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78726541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3882785","display_name":"Upper ontology","level":3,"score":0.48198479413986206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778820784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027508","display_name":"Ontology engineering","level":4,"score":0.4662211239337921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22550185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7095047","display_name":"Ontology-based data integration","level":3,"score":0.4546216130256653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.44267815351486206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137982476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7072326","display_name":"Open Biomedical Ontologies","level":5,"score":0.42178159952163696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.36420631408691406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.35100555419921875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50971890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7635093","display_name":"Suggested Upper Merged Ontology","level":4,"score":0.3449615240097046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3248199224472046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2129575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54837","display_name":"Semantic Web","level":2,"score":0.2215127944946289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.13447362184524536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.12227967381477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/016555159702300402","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/016555159702300402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68913162","display_name":"Journal of Information Science","issn_l":"0165-5515","issn":["0165-5515","1741-6485"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1494682522","https://openalex.org/W1499302285","https://openalex.org/W1516328145","https://openalex.org/W1543588853","https://openalex.org/W1864286575","https://openalex.org/W1934261655","https://openalex.org/W1963563013","https://openalex.org/W1976614857","https://openalex.org/W1991183254","https://openalex.org/W2029185382","https://openalex.org/W2035346816","https://openalex.org/W2074278824","https://openalex.org/W2105226714","https://openalex.org/W2108599449","https://openalex.org/W2124957697","https://openalex.org/W2133109597","https://openalex.org/W2137079713","https://openalex.org/W2166800785","https://openalex.org/W2620945126","https://openalex.org/W4211027183","https://openalex.org/W4232974150","https://openalex.org/W4247331481","https://openalex.org/W4383956329"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1506177826","https://openalex.org/W2726617685","https://openalex.org/W48521009","https://openalex.org/W2732632690","https://openalex.org/W4206428734","https://openalex.org/W1922064750","https://openalex.org/W2788193033","https://openalex.org/W2398356932","https://openalex.org/W2075856122","https://openalex.org/W147727067"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,42,61],"paper":[1],"discusses":[2],"the":[3,6,20,48,70],"emergence":[4,49],"of":[5,19,30,50,57,63,72],"term":[7,21],"\u2018ontology\u2019":[8],"in":[9,14,38,75,89],"knowledge":[10,76],"engineering":[11],"(and":[12],"now":[13],"information":[15,90],"science).":[16],"A":[17],"definition":[18],"as":[22],"currently":[23],"used":[24,88],"is":[25,34,53,67,79],"given:":[26],"an":[27,65],"explicit":[28],"specification":[29],"a":[31,39,80],"\u2018world\u2019":[32],"that":[33,44],"to":[35,47],"be":[36],"represented":[37],"computer":[40],"system.":[41],"background":[43],"has":[45],"led":[46],"this":[51],"concept":[52],"sketched,":[54],"and":[55,69],"examples":[56],"ontologies":[58,84],"are":[59],"provided.":[60],"process":[62],"building":[64],"ontology":[66],"discussed,":[68],"uses":[71],"such":[73],"tools":[74,87],"engineering.":[77],"There":[78],"concluding":[81],"commentary":[82],"comparing":[83],"with":[85],"similar":[86],"science.":[91]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}