{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128599798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208261419347","title":"Visual Illusions in Aviation: Simulating the Black Hole Phenomenon","display_name":"Visual Illusions in Aviation: Simulating the Black Hole Phenomenon","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128599798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208261419347","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41670021"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/00187208261419347","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208261419347","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208261419347","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015360937","display_name":"Arleen Aksay","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Arleen Aksay","raw_affiliation_strings":["York University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"York University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005225341","display_name":"Brittney Hartle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3114-8863"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brittney Hartle","raw_affiliation_strings":["York University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3114-8863","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"York University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036150889","display_name":"Robert S. Allison","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4485-2665"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert S. Allison","raw_affiliation_strings":["York University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4485-2665","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"York University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029394440","display_name":"Elizabeth L. Irving","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5573-3728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth L. Irving","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5573-3728","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079325816","display_name":"Sion Jennings","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5490-9996"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159778","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sion Jennings","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council of Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council of Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056063992","display_name":"Laurie M. Wilcox","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3594-6192"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laurie M. Wilcox","raw_affiliation_strings":["York University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3594-6192","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"York University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005225341","https://openalex.org/A5015360937"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.10037972,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"6","first_page":"725","last_page":"743"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11904","display_name":"Spatial Cognition and Navigation","score":0.9007999897003174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11904","display_name":"Spatial Cognition and Navigation","score":0.9007999897003174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.016200000420212746,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.010700000450015068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/illusion","display_name":"Illusion","score":0.8307999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-disorientation","display_name":"Spatial disorientation","score":0.6614000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-rotation","display_name":"Mental rotation","score":0.6328999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flight-training","display_name":"Flight training","score":0.4327999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/altitude","display_name":"Altitude (triangle)","score":0.4311999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rotation","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","score":0.4203999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aviation","display_name":"Aviation","score":0.39430001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-illusion","display_name":"Optical illusion","score":0.3700999915599823}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184047640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182593","display_name":"Illusion","level":2,"score":0.8307999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115103377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2745489","display_name":"Spatial disorientation","level":2,"score":0.6614000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68867621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q257360","display_name":"Mental rotation","level":3,"score":0.6328999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.44449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777790407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383695","display_name":"Flight training","level":3,"score":0.4327999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6350597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339495","display_name":"Altitude (triangle)","level":2,"score":0.4311999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74050887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848368","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4203999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74448152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q765633","display_name":"Aviation","level":2,"score":0.39430001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139793654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174923","display_name":"Optical illusion","level":3,"score":0.3700999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.36239999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.34450000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.3407000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178802073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421","display_name":"Aeronautics","level":1,"score":0.34060001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4051589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860959","display_name":"Mental image","level":3,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50341732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q880302","display_name":"Black hole (networking)","level":5,"score":0.31619998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3095000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41376638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214932","display_name":"Flight simulator","level":2,"score":0.2976999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153050134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760256","display_name":"Eye movement","level":2,"score":0.28529998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982912361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1851867","display_name":"Mental model","level":2,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C538199239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640853","display_name":"Aviation safety","level":3,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908613842","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108284447","display_name":"Aviation accident","level":3,"score":0.2533999979496002}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000066908","descriptor_name":"Simulation Training","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000066908","descriptor_name":"Simulation Training","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000066908","descriptor_name":"Simulation Training","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000070356","descriptor_name":"Pilots","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000070356","descriptor_name":"Pilots","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000070356","descriptor_name":"Pilots","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000070356","descriptor_name":"Pilots","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000070356","descriptor_name":"Pilots","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000070356","descriptor_name":"Pilots","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001359","descriptor_name":"Aviation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001359","descriptor_name":"Aviation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001359","descriptor_name":"Aviation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001359","descriptor_name":"Aviation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001359","descriptor_name":"Aviation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001359","descriptor_name":"Aviation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003221","descriptor_name":"Confusion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003221","descriptor_name":"Confusion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003221","descriptor_name":"Confusion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003221","descriptor_name":"Confusion","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003221","descriptor_name":"Confusion","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003221","descriptor_name":"Confusion","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007088","descriptor_name":"Illusions","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007088","descriptor_name":"Illusions","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007088","descriptor_name":"Illusions","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007088","descriptor_name":"Illusions","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007088","descriptor_name":"Illusions","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007088","descriptor_name":"Illusions","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009903","descriptor_name":"Optical Illusions","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009903","descriptor_name":"Optical Illusions","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009903","descriptor_name":"Optical Illusions","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012737","descriptor_name":"Sex Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012737","descriptor_name":"Sex Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012737","descriptor_name":"Sex Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013028","descriptor_name":"Space Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013028","descriptor_name":"Space Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013028","descriptor_name":"Space Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013028","descriptor_name":"Space Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013028","descriptor_name":"Space Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013028","descriptor_name":"Space Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/00187208261419347","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208261419347","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41670021","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41670021","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human factors","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13133416","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13133416/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Hum Factors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/00187208261419347","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208261419347","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.5078803896903992,"display_name":"Gender equality"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326644","display_name":"Canada First Research Excellence Fund","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W39164556","https://openalex.org/W642974295","https://openalex.org/W1738988103","https://openalex.org/W1820011992","https://openalex.org/W1908991493","https://openalex.org/W1913957972","https://openalex.org/W1949099239","https://openalex.org/W1968751237","https://openalex.org/W1975809751","https://openalex.org/W1994892719","https://openalex.org/W1997027994","https://openalex.org/W2010387779","https://openalex.org/W2032482046","https://openalex.org/W2044388988","https://openalex.org/W2045899982","https://openalex.org/W2050038003","https://openalex.org/W2051629568","https://openalex.org/W2066404012","https://openalex.org/W2068891585","https://openalex.org/W2134984940","https://openalex.org/W2165565225","https://openalex.org/W2314469501","https://openalex.org/W2582579745","https://openalex.org/W2774486220","https://openalex.org/W2911308727","https://openalex.org/W2924170844","https://openalex.org/W2994987927","https://openalex.org/W3003346445","https://openalex.org/W3034438436","https://openalex.org/W3117550730","https://openalex.org/W3177267570","https://openalex.org/W3215541687","https://openalex.org/W4392064613"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ObjectiveThe":[0],"aim":[1],"was":[2],"to":[3,19,79,144,185,223,235],"evaluate":[4,30],"the":[5,21,25,31,37,86,95,105,118,123,151,182,197,200],"effectiveness":[6],"of":[7,33,40,125,199],"a":[8,46,81,130,136,205],"Transport":[9],"Canada":[10],"Level":[11],"2":[12],"Instrument":[13],"Proficiency":[14],"Check":[15],"Flight":[16],"Training":[17],"Device":[18],"elicit":[20],"disorientation":[22,44],"caused":[23],"by":[24,103,193],"black":[26,96,201,218],"hole":[27,97,202,219],"illusion.":[28,98],"To":[29,121],"role":[32],"gender,":[34],"we":[35],"measured":[36],"relative":[38,143,184],"susceptibility":[39],"men":[41],"and":[42,84,92,107,173,178,211,240],"women.BackgroundSpatial":[43],"is":[45,55,221,233],"well-known":[47],"causative":[48],"factor":[49],"in":[50,181,204,217,229,238],"aviation":[51,208,230],"mishaps.":[52],"However,":[53],"there":[54],"no":[56],"simulation-based":[57],"training":[58],"protocol":[59],"for":[60],"visual":[61,226],"illusions":[62],"that":[63],"cause":[64],"spatial":[65,126],"disorientation.MethodWe":[66],"simulated":[67,225],"an":[68,72],"approach-and-land":[69],"scenario":[70],"using":[71],"ALSIM":[73],"simulator.":[74,209],"Trainee":[75],"pilots":[76,134,148],"were":[77,113,190,215],"instructed":[78],"maintain":[80],"3\u00b0":[82,119],"approach":[83,139],"land":[85],"aircraft":[87],"under":[88],"conditions":[89],"with":[90],"(nighttime)":[91],"without":[93],"(daytime)":[94],"We":[99],"computed":[100],"altitude":[101,177],"errors":[102,112,180,189],"differencing":[104],"daytime":[106],"nighttime":[108],"flight":[109,142,194,242],"paths.":[110],"Glideslope":[111],"calculated":[114],"as":[115],"deviations":[116],"from":[117],"approach.":[120],"assess":[122],"contribution":[124],"abilities,":[127],"participants":[128],"completed":[129],"mental":[131,155,166,212],"rotation":[132,156,167,213],"test.ResultsMost":[133],"showed":[135,174],"shallow":[137],"final":[138],"during":[140],"night":[141,183],"day":[145,186],"flights.":[146],"The":[147],"who":[149,160],"experienced":[150],"illusion":[152,203,227],"had":[153,164],"lower":[154],"scores":[157],"than":[158,171],"those":[159],"did":[161],"not.":[162],"Men":[163],"higher":[165],"scores,":[168],"on":[169],"average,":[170],"women,":[172],"less":[175],"negative":[176],"glideslope":[179],"conditions.":[187],"These":[188],"not":[191],"mitigated":[192],"experience.ConclusionWe":[195],"reproduced":[196],"effects":[198],"relatively":[206],"low-cost":[207],"Gender":[210],"skills":[214],"factors":[216],"disorientation.ApplicationIt":[220],"feasible":[222],"implement":[224],"scenarios":[228],"training.":[231],"It":[232],"important":[234],"consider":[236],"gender":[237],"designing":[239],"assessing":[241],"scenarios.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-14T07:06:38.338062","created_date":"2026-02-11T00:00:00"}
