{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411201301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208251348395","title":"Do the Eyes Have It? A Review of Using Eye Tracking for Automation Trust Measurement","display_name":"Do the Eyes Have It? A Review of Using Eye Tracking for Automation Trust Measurement","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411201301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208251348395","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40498518"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/00187208251348395","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208251348395","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082334400","display_name":"Jessica Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9255-4375"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jessica R. Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona State University","Arizona State University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013691543","display_name":"Robert S. Gutzwiller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2159-8131"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert S. Gutzwiller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona State University","Arizona State University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082334400"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.9571,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96511145,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"67","issue":"12","first_page":"1290","last_page":"1311"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13248","display_name":"Healthcare Technology and Patient Monitoring","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.98089998960495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.6515690088272095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.6439656019210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optometry","display_name":"Optometry","score":0.5556867122650146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.476239949464798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.45372864603996277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.38377076387405396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3466538190841675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.236100435256958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19354212284088135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedagogy","display_name":"Pedagogy","score":0.05017495155334473}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.6515690088272095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.6439656019210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.5556867122650146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.476239949464798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.45372864603996277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.38377076387405396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3466538190841675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.236100435256958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19354212284088135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.05017495155334473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000084542","descriptor_name":"Eye-Tracking Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000084542","descriptor_name":"Eye-Tracking Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000084542","descriptor_name":"Eye-Tracking Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000084542","descriptor_name":"Eye-Tracking Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005133","descriptor_name":"Eye Movements","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005133","descriptor_name":"Eye Movements","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005133","descriptor_name":"Eye Movements","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005133","descriptor_name":"Eye Movements","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035502","descriptor_name":"Trust","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D035502","descriptor_name":"Trust","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D035502","descriptor_name":"Trust","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D035502","descriptor_name":"Trust","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/00187208251348395","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208251348395","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40498518","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40498518","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human factors","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1493830902","https://openalex.org/W1512324647","https://openalex.org/W1973213502","https://openalex.org/W1978271112","https://openalex.org/W1999838653","https://openalex.org/W2003454456","https://openalex.org/W2014358849","https://openalex.org/W2038148196","https://openalex.org/W2044140042","https://openalex.org/W2063874275","https://openalex.org/W2086095402","https://openalex.org/W2091873394","https://openalex.org/W2095953405","https://openalex.org/W2102804490","https://openalex.org/W2110171129","https://openalex.org/W2123386666","https://openalex.org/W2143074722","https://openalex.org/W2148215741","https://openalex.org/W2190448118","https://openalex.org/W2319663855","https://openalex.org/W2329765882","https://openalex.org/W2346989482","https://openalex.org/W2511178891","https://openalex.org/W2576949977","https://openalex.org/W2582663318","https://openalex.org/W2744943028","https://openalex.org/W2753886513","https://openalex.org/W2757336763","https://openalex.org/W2765613895","https://openalex.org/W2776300113","https://openalex.org/W2791722789","https://openalex.org/W2800029302","https://openalex.org/W2886380230","https://openalex.org/W2887660214","https://openalex.org/W2890107112","https://openalex.org/W2893714612","https://openalex.org/W2901807928","https://openalex.org/W2902480251","https://openalex.org/W2909253756","https://openalex.org/W2920919283","https://openalex.org/W2936000615","https://openalex.org/W2949568807","https://openalex.org/W2953658799","https://openalex.org/W2965217482","https://openalex.org/W2969885510","https://openalex.org/W2970023719","https://openalex.org/W2970104689","https://openalex.org/W2981580660","https://openalex.org/W2989996325","https://openalex.org/W2990054111","https://openalex.org/W2990299464","https://openalex.org/W3002628898","https://openalex.org/W3003267424","https://openalex.org/W3015114377","https://openalex.org/W3047155076","https://openalex.org/W3087067192","https://openalex.org/W3094056588","https://openalex.org/W3094494729","https://openalex.org/W3096371433","https://openalex.org/W3117988207","https://openalex.org/W3133110555","https://openalex.org/W3192507762","https://openalex.org/W3199105769","https://openalex.org/W3199709787","https://openalex.org/W3205413005","https://openalex.org/W3206297794","https://openalex.org/W3209195063","https://openalex.org/W3214397785","https://openalex.org/W4283746050","https://openalex.org/W4307014121","https://openalex.org/W4403728596"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2084086966","https://openalex.org/W2519676117","https://openalex.org/W2218202131","https://openalex.org/W2023861399","https://openalex.org/W2155740880","https://openalex.org/W84108837","https://openalex.org/W2730915376","https://openalex.org/W2131713426","https://openalex.org/W4253249845","https://openalex.org/W2125452230"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ObjectiveWe":[0],"conducted":[1],"a":[2,28,32,111,201,211,226],"literature":[3,74],"review":[4],"investigating":[5],"the":[6,83,100,116,151],"validity":[7,93],"of":[8,138,150,156,210,225],"eye":[9,45,55,86,105,129,141,169,181],"tracking":[10,56,60,87,130,142,170],"metrics":[11,57,143,173],"appropriately":[12],"representing":[13],"trust":[14,22,43,50,89,103,127,139,172,231],"in":[15,20,23,176,187],"automation.BackgroundAs":[16],"researchers":[17],"grow":[18],"interested":[19],"measuring":[21],"automation,":[24],"there":[25,199],"has":[26],"been":[27],"need":[29],"to":[30,90,165,207,219],"find":[31],"reliable":[33],"and":[34,69,88,94,104,128,133,140,171,216],"accurate":[35],"measurement":[36],"tool.":[37],"Many":[38],"articles":[39,97],"have":[40,81],"measured":[41],"automation":[42,126],"using":[44],"tracking,":[46,106],"assuming":[47],"that":[48,80,98],"as":[49],"increases,":[51],"visual":[52],"attention":[53,205],"from":[54],"decreases.":[58],"Eye":[59],"is":[61,131,196,200],"an":[62,222],"attractive":[63],"potential":[64],"measure":[65],"for":[66,221],"its":[67,92],"nonintrusive":[68],"objective":[70],"nature.MethodIn":[71],"this":[72,194],"systematic":[73],"review,":[75],"we":[76],"looked":[77],"at":[78,122],"studies":[79],"tested":[82],"relationship":[84,101,121,124,159,183,195],"between":[85,102,125,204],"determine":[91],"reliability.ResultsAcross":[95],"22":[96],"investigated":[99],"only":[107,147],"about":[108,148],"half":[109,118,149],"found":[110,119,153],"negative":[112],"significant":[113],"relationship,":[114],"whereas":[115],"other":[117],"no":[120],"all.ConclusionThe":[123],"inconsistent":[132],"unreliable.":[134],"A":[135],"wide":[136],"variety":[137],"were":[144,174],"used,":[145],"but":[146],"papers":[152],"any":[154],"kind":[155],"relationship.":[157],"The":[158],"did":[160],"not":[161],"appear":[162],"robust":[163],"enough":[164],"prevail":[166],"when":[167,198],"different":[168],"applied":[175],"various":[177,188],"study":[178],"designs.ApplicationAn":[179],"effective":[180],"tracking-trust":[182],"would":[184],"be":[185],"useful":[186],"applications":[189],"(e.g.,":[190,213],"autonomous":[191],"driving).":[192],"Further,":[193],"crucial":[197],"clear":[202],"distinction":[203],"allocated":[206],"automated":[208],"components":[209],"system":[212],"car":[214],"display)":[215],"unrelated":[217],"displays":[218],"allow":[220],"easy":[223],"separation":[224],"location":[227],"associated":[228],"with":[229],"high":[230],"versus":[232],"low":[233],"trust.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
