{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410600463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208251344366","title":"Examining Biological Motion as a Potential Factor in E-Scooter Conspicuity and Safety","display_name":"Examining Biological Motion as a Potential Factor in E-Scooter Conspicuity and Safety","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410600463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208251344366","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40401737"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/00187208251344366","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208251344366","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113245296","display_name":"M Mabry","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800403580","display_name":"University of Minnesota System","ror":"https://ror.org/03grvy078","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800403580"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marshall L. Mabry","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Minnesota","University of Minnesota, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Minnesota","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800403580"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Minnesota, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042385031","display_name":"Curtis M. Craig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5257-5936"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800403580","display_name":"University of Minnesota System","ror":"https://ror.org/03grvy078","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800403580"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Curtis M. Craig","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Minnesota","University of Minnesota, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Minnesota","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800403580"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Minnesota, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016697823","display_name":"Peter Easterlund","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800403580","display_name":"University of Minnesota System","ror":"https://ror.org/03grvy078","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800403580"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Easterlund","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Minnesota","University of Minnesota, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Minnesota","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800403580"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Minnesota, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055548510","display_name":"Nichole L. Morris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1296-9068"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800403580","display_name":"University of Minnesota System","ror":"https://ror.org/03grvy078","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800403580"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nichole L. Morris","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Minnesota","University of Minnesota, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Minnesota","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800403580"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Minnesota, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042385031"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516","https://openalex.org/I2800403580"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1726254,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"67","issue":"11","first_page":"1210","last_page":"1229"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11692","display_name":"Noise Effects and Management","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3616","display_name":"Speech and Hearing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11692","display_name":"Noise Effects and Management","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3616","display_name":"Speech and Hearing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-motion","display_name":"Biological motion","score":0.87796950340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion","display_name":"Motion (physics)","score":0.7627711296081543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6500707864761353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.5492461323738098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion-perception","display_name":"Motion perception","score":0.5405672192573547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5269368886947632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5230252146720886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/masking","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","score":0.48971131443977356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion-detection","display_name":"Motion detection","score":0.45934444665908813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.3674130141735077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2245343029499054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.18903860449790955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.09353801608085632}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20864712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q667800","display_name":"Biological motion","level":3,"score":0.87796950340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.7627711296081543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6500707864761353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5492461323738098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48575856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852504","display_name":"Motion perception","level":3,"score":0.5405672192573547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5269368886947632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5230252146720886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777402240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6783436","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","level":2,"score":0.48971131443977356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780624872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852453","display_name":"Motion detection","level":3,"score":0.45934444665908813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.3674130141735077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2245343029499054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.18903860449790955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.09353801608085632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000063","descriptor_name":"Accidents, Traffic","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000063","descriptor_name":"Accidents, Traffic","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009039","descriptor_name":"Motion Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009039","descriptor_name":"Motion Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012449","descriptor_name":"Safety","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012449","descriptor_name":"Safety","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/00187208251344366","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208251344366","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40401737","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40401737","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human factors","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2370297050","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2038403","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337391","funder_display_name":"Division of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337391","display_name":"Division of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/028yd4c30"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W573842330","https://openalex.org/W1964908599","https://openalex.org/W1968811590","https://openalex.org/W1971107113","https://openalex.org/W1974733525","https://openalex.org/W1986874010","https://openalex.org/W1994812482","https://openalex.org/W2012320253","https://openalex.org/W2047262762","https://openalex.org/W2047560633","https://openalex.org/W2048578241","https://openalex.org/W2056699334","https://openalex.org/W2057748516","https://openalex.org/W2070537072","https://openalex.org/W2074960929","https://openalex.org/W2077439736","https://openalex.org/W2078560093","https://openalex.org/W2085750450","https://openalex.org/W2097021602","https://openalex.org/W2099634219","https://openalex.org/W2131579350","https://openalex.org/W2137658373","https://openalex.org/W2143435535","https://openalex.org/W2147160085","https://openalex.org/W2154482756","https://openalex.org/W2164807443","https://openalex.org/W2407513725","https://openalex.org/W2588205695","https://openalex.org/W2597201456","https://openalex.org/W2774379684","https://openalex.org/W2800830837","https://openalex.org/W2802652869","https://openalex.org/W2911649669","https://openalex.org/W2965437752","https://openalex.org/W2981062922","https://openalex.org/W2996974877","https://openalex.org/W3014378431","https://openalex.org/W3020818632","https://openalex.org/W3025069215","https://openalex.org/W3027690032","https://openalex.org/W3030857435","https://openalex.org/W3045420632","https://openalex.org/W3082344854","https://openalex.org/W3095807306","https://openalex.org/W3125292996","https://openalex.org/W3137484638","https://openalex.org/W3149899494","https://openalex.org/W4210589801","https://openalex.org/W4220870915","https://openalex.org/W4255010036","https://openalex.org/W4285732335","https://openalex.org/W4292295238","https://openalex.org/W4296127679","https://openalex.org/W4307457979","https://openalex.org/W4319602737","https://openalex.org/W4319873413","https://openalex.org/W4320181375","https://openalex.org/W4323857509","https://openalex.org/W4365514746","https://openalex.org/W4379184502","https://openalex.org/W4382631981","https://openalex.org/W4391491990","https://openalex.org/W4400402185","https://openalex.org/W4401454909","https://openalex.org/W4402659847"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2144481990","https://openalex.org/W1969356596","https://openalex.org/W2893027058","https://openalex.org/W2087440290","https://openalex.org/W2750986532","https://openalex.org/W2354124289","https://openalex.org/W2958651120","https://openalex.org/W2156698060","https://openalex.org/W3158873841","https://openalex.org/W188808486"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BackgroundE-scooter":[0],"injuries":[1],"have":[2],"risen":[3],"in":[4,103,121],"recent":[5],"years":[6],"and":[7,70,83,96,125,168,176],"riders":[8,28],"report":[9],"a":[10,21,66,111,226],"relatively":[11],"high":[12,22],"prevalence":[13],"of":[14,37,42,55,114,183,189],"accidents.":[15],"Collisions":[16],"with":[17,89,93,99,106,117,202,220],"motor":[18],"vehicles":[19],"pose":[20],"risk":[23],"to":[24,32,45,79,129,152,192,209],"e-scooter":[25,68,77,86,131,164],"users.":[26],"E-scooter":[27],"move":[29],"fast":[30],"relative":[31],"runners":[33],"but":[34],"lack":[35],"movement":[36,231],"limbs":[38],"that":[39,158,213],"present":[40],"aspects":[41],"biological":[43,94,107,160,203,215,221],"motion":[44,81,95,102,155,161,191,212,222],"drivers,":[46],"which":[47,133],"may":[48,223],"diminish":[49],"conspicuity.MethodTwo":[50],"experiments":[51],"measured":[52],"participants'":[53],"detection":[54,150,171,227],"point":[56],"light":[57],"representations":[58],"beneath":[59],"masking":[60],"visual":[61],"noise.":[62],"Study":[63,73,139],"1":[64,109],"presented":[65],"runner,":[67,147],"rider,":[69,132],"rectangular":[71],"object.":[72,138],"2":[74,140],"modified":[75],"the":[76,97,100,118,130,137,146,153,181,197],"stimuli":[78],"remove":[80],"sway":[82],"added":[84],"alternative":[85],"presentations,":[87],"one":[88],"moving":[90],"lights":[91],"consistent":[92,201,219],"other":[98,173,230],"same":[101],"reverse,":[104],"inconsistent":[105],"motion.ResultsStudy":[108],"found":[110,141],"main":[112],"effect":[113],"figure":[115],"type,":[116],"runner":[119],"resulting":[120],"superior":[122],"detection,":[123,194],"recognition,":[124],"response":[126],"time":[127],"compared":[128,151],"performed":[134],"better":[135,142,149],"than":[136],"perception":[143,182],"performance":[144],"for":[145,180],"including":[148],"reverse":[154],"e-scooter.ConclusionFindings":[156],"suggest":[157],"reduced":[159],"produced":[162],"by":[163,172],"users":[165,175],"slightly":[166],"worsens":[167],"slows":[169],"their":[170],"road":[174],"indicates":[177],"an":[178],"advantage":[179,228],"human":[184],"body":[185],"configurations.":[186],"Any":[187],"inclusion":[188],"apparent":[190,211],"improve":[193],"especially":[195],"near":[196],"ground,":[198],"should":[199],"be":[200],"motion.ApplicationVisual":[204],"display":[205],"alterations":[206],"(e.g.,":[207],"lighting)":[208],"introduce":[210],"mimics":[214],"movements":[216],"or":[217],"is":[218],"potentially":[224],"confer":[225],"over":[229],"patterns.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}